天祝白牦牛乳与甘南牦牛乳理化性质比较

对天祝白牦牛(Bos grunniens L.cv.Tianzhu white yak)与甘南牦牛(B.grunniens cv.Gannan yak)2个牦牛品种的牛乳理化性质进行了比较分析。结果表明,天祝白牦牛产乳量高于甘南牦牛;甘南牦牛乳中的蛋白质、脂肪、全脂固体含量高于天祝白牦牛乳,天祝白牦牛乳中非乳脂固体、乳糖含量和密度、酸度高于甘南牦牛乳,冰点差别不大;胎次对牦牛乳脂肪、非乳脂固体含量和酸度的影响较大,对蛋白质、全脂固体、乳糖含量和密度、冰点等影响不大。     

Reference values of two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographic measurements as a function of body size in various equine breeds and in ponies

Introduction

The aim of this study was to establish echocardiographic reference values for the equine species using allometric regression equations based on body weight (BW) and thoracic circumference (TC).

Conservation priorities for the different lines of Dutch Red and White Friesian cattle change when relationships with other breeds are taken into account

From a genetic point of view, the selection of breeds and animals within breeds for conservation in a national gene pool can be based on a maximum diversity strategy. This implies that priority is given to conservation of breeds and animals that diverge most and overlap of conserved diversity is minimized. This study investigated the genetic diversity in the Dutch Red and White Friesian (DFR) cattle breed and its contribution to the total genetic diversity in the pool of the Dutch dairy breeds. All Dutch cattle breeds are clearly distinct, except for Dutch Friesian breed (DF) and DFR and have their own specific genetic identity. DFR has a small but unique contribution to the total genetic diversity of Dutch cattle breeds and is closely related to the Dutch Friesian breed. Seven different lines are distinguished within the DFR breed and all contribute to the diversity of the DFR breed. Two lines show the largest contributions to the genetic diversity in DFR. One of these lines comprises unique diversity both within the breed and across all cattle breeds. The other line comprises unique diversity for the DFR but overlaps with the Holstein Friesian breed. There seems to be no necessity to conserve the other five lines separately, because their level of differentiation is very low. This study illustrates that, when taking conservation decisions for a breed, it is worthwhile to take into account the population structure of the breed itself and the relationships with other breeds.     

不同品种哺乳仔猪精氨酸代谢特性比较研究

我国地方品种猪与外来猪生长速度差异明显。鉴于精氨酸对仔猪生长发育的重要性,本研究选用14日龄哺乳的宁乡猪、湘西黑猪、蓝塘猪、巴马香猪、环江香猪和长白猪各12头,公、母各半,前腔静脉采血,离心分离血清,测定其中游离精氨酸和一氧化氮(NO)的浓度;采集肠道、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏等组织,测定其中的游离精氨酸浓度和NO合成酶(NOS)活性以及N-乙酰谷氨酸合成酶(NAGS,内源性精氨酸合成限速酶)mRNA的绝对表达量。结果表明,长白猪的血清精氨酸浓度显著高于(P<0.05)其他地方品种猪,血清NO浓度高于(P＞0.05)其他地方品种猪;各品种猪空肠前段和肝脏中的NOS活性最高,肾脏中的NOS活性最低;长白猪的空肠前段NOS活性仅低于宁乡猪,肝脏NOS活性仅高于环江香猪;在各个组织均检测到NAGS mRNA不同程度的表达,其中肠道和肝脏中的表达水平最高。综上所述,本研究揭示了不同品种哺乳仔猪血清精氨酸和NO浓度、3种主要组织游离精氨酸含量和NOS活性以及12种组织中NAGS基因的表达谱差异,为解释不同品种猪的生长表型差异提供了营养生化基础。     

On ancestors of dog breeds with focus on Weimaraner hunting dogs

Paternally inherited Y chromosomal markers and maternally inherited mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequences were investigated in 27 dog breeds (Canis familiaris), of which the Weimaraner hunting dog was studied in greater detail. Altogether, nine potentially polymorphic markers of the Y chromosome were examined as well as parts of the canine mt genome (1947 base pairs) in 111 male dogs and four wolves for comparison. Twenty Y chromosomal and fifty-nine mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes were identified in the canine breeds and wolves. In 34 Weimaraners, four distinct Y chromosomal haplotypes were observed as well as three mtDNA types thus reflecting at least four male and three female ancestors for the current population in Germany. Tracing patri- and matrilineages, several entries in the Weimaraner stud book cannot be reconciled with the male-only, Y chromosomal neither the female-only, mt inheritance patterns, respectively. The investigated breeds represent 9 of 10 groups defined by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI). The level of Y chromosomal and especially mtDNA diversity was immense considering the relatively small number of individuals investigated per breed. Unique haplotypes were found only in a few breeds and the wolf. Other haplotypes were shared among several breeds, also across different FCI groups, suggesting that these canine breeds had common male and female ancestors.     

应用血液蛋白遗传标记研究广东鸡种类缘性

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法和醋酸纤维素薄膜电泳法检测广东鸡地方品种杏花鸡、胡须鸡和清远麻鸡的血浆淀粉酶(Amy—1、Amy—2)、碱性磷酸酶(Akp—1、Akp—2)、酯酶(Es—1)、血红蛋白(Hb)等六种血液蛋白的多态型,计算各群体各位点的表型及基因频率,求出各品种间的相似系数、遗传距离和分比时间,用系统聚类法、模糊聚类法、Tocher聚类法和主坐标分析法研究广东地方鸡种的亲缘关系。研究结果表明:三个广东地方鸡种的血液蛋白表型及基因频率分布有很多相似之处,但又各有其特征;它们之间的亲缘关系都密切,其中杏花鸡与清远麻鸡的亲缘关系最为密切。     

7个地方鸡品种间遗传分化和聚类分析*

 利用29个微卫星标记,通过计算亚群体杂合度（Hs）、总群体杂合度（Ht）、遗传分化系数（Gst）和基因流（Nm）,并基于Reynolds遗传距离、Nei遗传距离运用NJ和UPGMA聚类法构建4类聚类图,比较分析国家地方禽种遗传资源基因库保存的7个地方鸡品种（仙居鸡、鹿苑鸡、固始鸡、大骨鸡、河南斗鸡、狼山鸡和萧山鸡）间的遗传分化和亲缘关系。结果表明,7个地方鸡种29个微卫星标记的总群体杂合度和亚群体杂合度的平均值分别为0.642和0.551,平均遗传分化系数为0.142;7个地方鸡品种间,萧山鸡与鹿苑鸡的基因流动最大,为 5.832 7 ;狼山鸡与固始鸡的基因流动最小,为 0.805 3 ;基于Reyonalds遗传距离运用 NJ 聚类法获得的7个鸡种间的聚类图较为准确地反映了7个地方鸡种间的遗传分化和亲缘关系。     

鸡品种血浆碱性磷酸酶多态性研究

用改进的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶系统对 6个鸡品种的血浆碱性磷酸酶 ( AKP)进行了多态性检测 ,共检测到 13个区 (或位点 ) ,并对 7个区进行了表型、基因型和基因频率的统计和计算。在AKP位点检测到快、慢两条带 ,肉鸡 AA和伊莎褐均表现为快带