中国地方猪种体重生长的模式研究

用Gompertz模型对我国部分地方猪种体重的生长特性进行了模拟研究,结果表明:(1)体成熟速度顺序及K值为:华中型(金华、大花白、大围子)1.10、江海型(姜曲海、太湖)1.05、西南型(内江)0.78、华北型(八眉、民猪、河套大耳)0.70、长白0.67及华南型(香猪)0.49.(2)无论从体成熟速度、成熟体重,还是从生长拐点等来看,江海型猪都接近于华中型猪.(3)我国地方猪种的成熟体重普遍偏小,种猪多在65～130 kg,生长拐点体重多在30～50kg;生长肥育猪成熟体重多在90～150kg,拐点体重40～60kg,最大生长速度不超过500g/d.     

星座图在猪生产性能直观分析中的应用

本文介绍了多指标点图─—星座图的作图方法，并用该图对我国部分培育猪种的生产性能（包括六个性状）进行了直观分析。根据作图法简要说明了星座图的特点。同时强调指出，若欲对被分析对象进行类别划分，须将星座位置及样品路径综合考虑。就本文所考察的十三个培育猪种，用星座图进行初步的直观分析，依生产性能大体可分为三类，即以黑色猪种为主的一类（包括六个品种）性能偏低，五个白色猪种的生产性能较高，另有两个白色猪种的生产性能优势明显。     

我国重点保护地方鸡品种资源的遗传变异

应用30个高度多态的微卫星标记对我国重点保护的15个地方鸡品种资源的遗传变异进行了研究，计算了各群体的遗传参数，并用类平均法进行聚类分析。结果表明：平均杂合度最高的是吐鲁番鸡，0．634；杂合度最低的是河南斗鸡，0．554。15个地方鸡品种的杂合度都较高，反映了这些品种的多种多型；对遗传距离DS的计算表明15个品种的遗传距离较远，分化时间较长；UPGMA的聚类分析将15个品种聚为3类，即：Ⅰ类为浦东鸡、茶花鸡、西双版纳斗鸡、漳州斗鸡、大骨鸡、丝羽乌骨鸡、仙居鸡、白耳黄鸡、北京油鸡、河南斗鸡、狼山鸡和吐鲁番斗鸡，Ⅱ类为清远麻鸡和鲁西斗鸡，第Ⅲ类只有藏鸡。通过微卫星标记对这些重点保护地方鸡品种资源遗传变异的分析说明了这些地方品种的遗传多样性极其丰富，各具特色，各保种场(区)应促进资源优势向经济优势转化。     

Genetic variability of six indigenous goat breeds using major histocompatibility complex-associated microsatellite markers

The present study aimed at analyzing the genetic variability of indigenous goat breeds (Capra hircus) using the MHC-associated microsatellite markers BF1, BM1818, BM1258, DYMS1, and SMHCC1. The following breeds were included: Chinese Xuhuai, Indian Changthangi and Pashmina, Kenyan Small East African (SEA) and Galla, and Albanian Vendi. To examine genetic variability, the levels of heterozigosity, degrees of inbreeding, and genetic differences among the breeds were analyzed. The mean number of alleles ranged from nine in the Galla to 14.5 in the Vendi breed. The mean observed heterozygosity and mean expected heterozygosity varied from 0.483 in the Vendi to 0.577 in the Galla breed, and from 0.767 in the SEA to 0.879 in the Vendi breed, respectively. Significant loss of heterozygosity (p < 0.01) indicated that these loci were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The mean F_IS values ranged from 0.3299 in the SEA to 0.4605 in the Vendi breed with a mean value of 0.3623 in all breeds (p < 0.001). Analysis of molecular variance indicated that 7.14% and 4.74% genetic variation existed among the different breeds and geographic groups, whereas 92.86% and 95.26% existed in the breeds and the geographic groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The microsatellite marker analysis disclosed a high degree of genetic polymorphism. Loss of heterozygosity could be due to genetic drift and endogamy. The genetic variation among populations and geographic groups does not indicate a correlation of genetic differences with geographic distance.     

山羊THRSP基因5'调控区与外显子Ⅰ多态性研究

以7个中国地方山羊品种和2个引入山羊品种为研究对象,采用PCR-RFLP方法检测山羊THRSP基因5’调控区和外显子1的多态性。结果表明,在THRSP基因的5’调控区发现C-233T多态位点,该位点是NF-KB转录因子的结合位点;在外显子1发现G113A和A138G位点,G113A能引起蛋白质发生Arg38Gln突变。在9个山羊品种中共检测到9种基因型,其中TCAAGG、TTGAAG和TTAAGG型的基因型频率均低于0.05;113G和138A在9个山羊品种中是优势基因,而223C和223T在不同品种中的分布体现出特异性,湘东黑山羊(0.715 5)、圭山山羊(0.649 0)和云岭山羊(0.613 6)携带233C的频率均在0.6以上。湘东黑山羊分别与其他山羊品种的遗传距离较大,而圭山山羊、云岭山羊和马头山羊之间的遗传距离则较近。     

利用微卫星标记对地方鸡种群体遗传结构的聚类分析

利用29个微卫星标记,通过计算亚群体杂合度（Hs）、总群体杂合度（Ht）、遗传分化系数（Gst）和基因流（Nm）,并基于Reynolds遗传距离、Nei遗传距离运用NJ和UPGMA聚类法构建4类聚类图,比较分析国家地方禽种遗传资源基因库保存的7个地方鸡品种（仙居鸡、鹿苑鸡、固始鸡、大骨鸡、河南斗鸡、狼山鸡、萧山鸡）间的遗传分化和亲缘关系。结果表明,7个地方鸡种29个微卫星座位的总群体杂合度、亚群体杂合度的平均值为0.642,0.551;平均遗传分化系数为0.142。7个地方鸡品种间,萧山鸡与鹿苑鸡的基因流动最大,为5.832 7;狼山鸡与固始鸡的基因流动最小,为0.805 3;基于Reyonalds遗传距离运用NJ聚类法获得的7个鸡种间的亲缘关系聚类图较为准确地反映了7个地方鸡种间的遗传分化和亲缘关系。     

鸡SH3RF2插入/缺失等位基因在中国地方鸡种中频率分布研究

中国地方鸡种资源丰富,风味较优,但存在生长速度慢、饲料效率低等缺点,因此为了加速我国地方鸡种和肉鸡品种的遗传改良,分子标记技术得到了广泛应用。已知SH3RF2基因的插入/缺失突变与肉鸡生长和体重密切相关,因此本试验对分布在我国各地的15个地方鸡品种进行了SH3RF2基因的等位基因频率检测,以确定SH3RF2基因在我国地方鸡种中的等位基因分布情况,继而将SH3RF2基因用于鸡生长性状的选择的分子育种标记。研究结果发现所检测地方鸡种和肉鸡品种均是非缺失的纯合子,没有发现缺失的等位基因。要利用SH3RF2基因对中国地方鸡种进行选择,可能需要通过杂交等手段将缺失型等位基因导入我国地方鸡种的群体之中。     

七个鸡种蛋品质比较分析

鸡蛋品质是鸡蛋生产者和消费者都非常关注的性状,为分析蛋品质在鸡种内及鸡种间的差异,本试验测定了5个地方鸡种和2个国外蛋鸡品种各30个蛋共12项常规蛋品质指标。分析结果表明:遗传背景对蛋品质影响较大,2个国外鸡种的蛋重、哈氏单位等指标高于地方鸡种,而地方鸡种在蛋形指数、蛋壳质量、蛋黄颜色以及蛋黄比率上占优,国内蛋用鸡种改良可以选择蛋黄性状为重点选育方向。7个鸡种中,海兰白蛋鸡的蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、蛋黄重是最大的,但海兰褐蛋鸡却与之完全相反,两者之间差异显著(P<0.05)。从品种内差异角度来看,商业化鸡种蛋品质变异系数小,国内鸡种整齐度有待进一步提高。     

浙江省主要鹅种体重、体尺及屠宰性能比较分析

对浙江省现有主要鹅种的体重、体尺及屠宰性能进行了比较分析,并根据各品种的表型性状值进行了聚类分析。结果表明：不同鹅种间在活重、胸深、胸宽、骨盆宽、胫长、胫围、体斜长、龙骨长、半潜水长、屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、腹脂率、胸肌率和腿肌率等指标上均存在明显的差异,同一鹅种体尺、体重和屠宰性能在性别之间的差异也较明显;依据鹅体尺、体重和屠体性状等表型性状值进行品种间聚类分析,其聚类结果与鹅体重和体尺表现出较高的一致性,5个品种可大致分为3类,太湖鹅和江山白鹅为一类,浙东白鹅和朗德鹅为一类,永康灰鹅独立为一类。     

The effects of dog breed development on genetic diversity and the relative influences of performance and conformation breeding

Genetic diversity was compared among eight dog breeds selected primarily for conformation (Standard Poodle, Italian Greyhound and show English Setter), conformation and performance (Brittany), predominantly performance (German Shorthaired and Wirehaired Pointers) or solely performance (field English Setter and Red Setter). Modern village dogs, which better reflect ancestral genetic diversity, were used as the standard. Four to seven maternal and one to two Y haplotypes were found per breed, with one usually dominant. Diversity of maternal haplotypes was greatest in village dogs, intermediate in performance breeds and lowest in conformation breeds. Maternal haplotype sharing occurred across all breeds, while Y haplotypes were more breed specific. Almost all paternal haplotypes were identified among village dogs, with the exception of the dominant Y haplotype in Brittanys, which has not been identified heretofore. The highest heterozygosity based on 24 autosomal microsatellites was found in village dogs and the lowest in conformation (show) breeds. Principal coordinate analysis indicated that conformation‐type breeds were distinct from breeds heavily used for performance, the latter clustering more closely with village dogs. The Brittany, a well‐established dual show and field breed, was also genetically intermediate between the conformation and performance breeds. The number of DLA‐DRB1 alleles varied from 3 to 10 per breed with extensive sharing. SNPs across the wider DLA region were more frequently homozygous in all pure breeds than in village dogs. Compared with their village dog relatives, all modern breed dogs exhibit reduced genetic diversity. Genetic diversity was even more reduced among breeds under selection for show/conformation.