Cost-efficient light control for production of two campanula species

A cost-efficient light control system based on weather forecasts, electricity prices and daily photosynthesis integral (DPI) was evaluated for application in the commercial production of the long-day (LD) plant Campanula portenschlagiana ‘Blue Get Mee’ and C. cochlearifolia ‘Blue Wonder’. Experiments were conducted under both autumn and spring conditions and included four treatments. Three treatments were controlled by the software system DynaLight Desktop which automatically defined the most cost-efficient use of supplemental light, -based on a predefined set point of DPI, forecasted solar irradiance and the market price on electricity. The set points of DPI in the three treatments were 300, 450 and 600 mmol CO₂ m⁻² leaf d⁻¹ and the treatments were compared with a traditional LD 19-h treatment. The DPI-based light control strategy resulted in very irregular light patterns including daily periods of solar irradiance combined with supplemental light in low light periods and a night period interrupted by irregular light breaks (NB-lighting). Both campanula species flowered in the DPI-based treatments during spring, but the flowering percentage was low and non-uniform during autumn. This was caused by a combination of the irregular light, low natural light intensities and a decrease in daily light integral (DLI), and could be restored by maintaining a continuous 19 h photoperiod with incandescent lamps (<5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), illustrating that photoperiod was an important factor for flowering in LD species grown under low light intensities. Growth in terms of carbon gain was marginally affected by the irregular light and a 25% reduction in electricity costs was achieved without major reductions in plant quality in spring. Our results illustrate that plant production of LD species can be maintained in a cost-efficient light control system where the use of supplemental light is based on weather forecasts and electricity prices.     

Purple nutsedge tuber sprouting

Purple nutsedge ( Cyperus rotundus L.) tubers remain viable for several years and serve as its principal means of survival. The maintenance of high moisture content is essential to tuber survival. Apical dominance influences bud dormancy within a tuber and in a chain of tubers, and dormancy increases with tuber age. Several growth inhibitors were identified in tubers, but their role in tuber dormancy has not been established. Moisture levels in soil must increase to a critical level before sprouting occurs, but excess soil moisture deters sprouting. Oxygen may be a limiting factor for tuber sprouting in waterlogged soils. Although light is not a requirement for sprouting, it has promoted sprouting. Temperature regulates sprouting; no sprouting occured below 10°C and above 45°C. Optimum sprouting occurred between 25 and 35°C when provided with constant temperatures. However, daily alternating temperatures greatly stimulated sprouting. A daily short duration (0.5 h) of high temperature increased sprouting to nearly 100%, whereas less than 50% sprouting occurred without the daily high temperature pulse. Bud break occurred readily for most tubers at 20°C and in nearly 100% of the tubers with a single 0.5 h exposure to a high temperature (35°C) pulse. However, most buds did not elongate if the tuber remained at 20°C. Bud elongation occurred at higher temperatures, and daily alternating temperatures stimulated shoot elongation up to eightfold greater than at the respective mean constant temperatures. Daily soil temperature fluctuation may be a major signal for purple nutsedge emergence, such as when the plant canopy is removed, or when soils are solarized. Future research is needed to determine tuber sprouting for different ecotypes, and on the role of the rhizome chain. Systems to manipulate sprouting may provide new strategies for purple nutsedge management.     

不同频率洪水遭遇下溃坝洪水演进的二维模拟

【目的】建立适合黑河下游地区的溃坝洪水演进的二维数学模型,为该水库的安全运行和调洪决策提供参考。【方法】根据天然河道复杂而不规则的地形特点,以及溃坝洪水的传播和运动特性,建立适合黑河下游地区高程跨度很大的溃坝洪水演进的二维数学模型;利用非结构化三角形网格,采用单元中心的有限体积法求解控制溃坝水流运动的二维方程;应用所建模型,对黑河金盆水库10 000年一遇入库洪水漫顶所致溃坝洪水(即工况1)进行数值模拟,分析不同时刻的水深分布图、流速矢量图以及淹没范围的变化过程;在此基础上,探讨100年一遇入库洪水延时遭遇10 000年一遇入库洪水工况(即工况2)下溃坝洪水的演进变化过程,分析该工况下淹没水深的变化范围。【结果】工况1、工况2下大坝溃决时间分别为该工况模拟初始时间后的15.6,37.5h,工况1、工况2下5个沿程观测点的最大淹没水深分别为3.10~6.18m和3.66~6.91m,最大流速分别为2.28~8.68m/s和2.46~9.40m/s。【结论】所建立的溃坝洪水二维模型可以模拟流域不同时刻的水深及流速分布,计算结果具体到点,为洪水风险分析和灾害损失评估提供了依据。     

贮藏温度对冷破碎番茄浆品质变化的影响

为探讨冷破碎番茄浆在贮藏过程中的品质变化,以指导冷破碎番茄浆的贮藏,该文研究了其在0、25和37℃条件下贮藏150 d的品质变化,并对产品中主要指标的变化进行了动力学分析。25和37℃贮藏条件下冷破碎番茄浆中氨基酸、总糖、蔗糖、果糖、维生素C含量和颜色指标（亮度L*、红值a*和黄值b*）均显著下降,而5-羟甲基糠醛（HMF）含量、褐变度（BD）和总色差ΔE显著增加,其中总氨基酸、总糖、维生素C、HMF和BD的变化均符合一级动力学模型;而且HMF含量与BD变化呈线性关系,符合零级动力学模型。但是番茄红素和可溶性固形物含量变化不显著,而酸度随温度和时间的增加呈增加趋势。0℃贮藏条件下,除维生素C含量显著下降外,上述其他指标均无显著变化。表明高温贮藏显著降低冷破碎番茄浆的品质,而低温贮藏可有效保护冷破碎番茄浆的品质。     

浅谈建设项目经济评价方法不确定性分析

本文简要分析不确定性因素对经济评价指标的影响,和不确定性分析的几种方法,确定项目在经济上的可靠性。     

角倍蚜虫夏寄生盐肤木物候期的观察研究

角倍蚜虫夏寄主盐肤木物候期观察研究结果表明：坡向对物候期影响较大，不同坡向盐肤木的萌芽、展叶、开花、结实、落叶等物候现象存在一定程度的差异，出现最早的是南坡，最迟的基本上是北坡．福建南平适宜引种放养角倍蚜虫的展叶期是３月下旬至４月上旬；展叶早、速度快、历期短的是南坡，历期仅１０天，于３月底结束；历期较长的是东坡，约２０天，展叶盛期可持续到４月上旬；放养排序为：南坡＞山凹＞西坡＞北坡＞东坡．     

宁夏黄灌区灌淤土硝态氮运移规律研究

为研究硝态氮在宁夏黄灌区灌於土中的基本运移规律,采用水平土柱进行硝态氮水平运移规律研究,并采用自制垂直土柱完成了硝态氮垂直运移规律研究.硝态氮水平运移规律研究表明:硝态氮运移与水分湿润峰迁移具有很好的一致性,随着硝态氮运移距离的增加,硝态氮浓度升高,并在湿润峰处累积;硝态氮浓度随含水量的增加而减少,并呈幂函数关系;硝态...     

Relation between oak tree phenology and the secretion of organic matter degrading enzymes by Lactarius quietus ectomycorrhizas before and during bud break

The ectomycorrhizas (ECM) formed by Lactarius quietus, an ECM fungus specifically associated with Quercus spp., are abundant all the year long. Root and stem growth, beginning before bud break in oak, are strong carbon sinks partially fulfilled with carbohydrate reserves. We hypothesized that L. quietus contributes to providing trees with carbon at bud break through enzymatic activities before photosynthesis begins. Activities of eight secreted enzymes (xylosidase, glucuronidase, cellobiohydrolase, β-glucosidase, N-acetyl-glucosamine, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase and laccase) relevant to carbon cycling and the release of phophorus and nitrogen from soil organic matter were measured on L. quietus ECMs before, during and after the bud break. Phenological, climatic and pedoclimatic parameters were also measured. Laccase, glucuronidase, cellobiohydrolase and β-glucosidase activities proved to be significantly related to tree reactivation and climate. All these activities can help the formation of new tissues by supplying carbon. L. quietus can behave saprotrophically, using soil organic matter as substrate. This is consistent with the hypothesis that it provides the oak trees with carbon when demand is high and photoassimilates are not yet available.     

辐射作用下含修复DNA主链断裂随机动力学理论的研究——单链与双链断裂规律

按照我们在文献[1]中给出的辐射诱发含修复DNA主链断裂随机动力学理论数学模型,在此基础上,本文进一步导出了两种不同形成过程的双链断裂变化规律。在一定近似下,可以对SSB及DSB的实验结果作出满意的解释。我们的理论可以避免靶学说与击中理论的主要缺点,在一定条件下则又可以还原为靶理论结果,而且本理论还具有容纳更多因素的优点。     

Predicting maize and soybean production in a sheltered field in the Cornbelt region of North Central USA

Shelterbelts (field windbreaks) are an important tool for farming in semi-arid areas but are not commonly used. An obstacle to the adoption of shelterbelts is the lack of site-specific information about the benefits and costs associated with establishing and maintaining them. A group of researchers has been developing a modeling system that will estimate site-specific effects, benefits, and costs for sheltered fields that produce maize or corn (Zea maize) and soybean (Glycine max) in the U.S. Corn Belt region. Akey component of the modeling system is the use of the CROPGRO-Soybean and CERES-Maize models to simulate yield response to microclimatic changes acrossa sheltered field. In this work, we tested the ability of both models to simulate yield in a sheltered field, evaluated the potential yield increase of shelterbelts based on long-term simulations, and compared the influence of shelter induced changes in temperature and windrun on yield. Both models simulated yield increases due to shelter. The soybean model was more responsive to microclimatic differences than the maize model. Long-term simulations generally showed a field level increase in yield due to shelter for maize and soybeans with an average increase of 4.1 and 3.3, respectively. Change in windrun due to shelter is more important in increasing yield than changes in temperature. The CERES-Maize model seems to be more sensitive to changes in windrun than the CROPGRO-Soybean model.