Analysis on Function Orientation and Development Countermeasures of New Agricultural Business Entities

Along with the rapid advance of industrialization and urbanization process, fostering new agricultural business entities become inevitable for agricultural transformation and the construction of agricultural modernization in China. The status of the new agricultural business entities determines the level of modern agricultural development. In recent years, new agricultural business entities have grew rapidly. However, there are still many problems including the difficulties in financing loans, inadequate agricultural insurance system, bad implementation of agricultural subsidies, jagged agricultural talents and so on. In order to foster new agricultural business entities, countermeasures should be carried out to ensure financial support, perfect the agricultural insurance, strengthen the level of agricultural subsidies, strive to develop the degree of specialization agricultural operators and so on.     

论高校辅导员队伍建设

针对目前辅导员队伍建设中存在的问题,阐述辅导员的定位、选拔管理和使用,克服辅导员选拔唯学历化、使用短期化和管理简单化的弊端,实行分层使用和管理,建立健全考核机制及有效流动机制。     

匀浆辊流浆箱中匀浆辊的波迹效应

匀浆辊流浆箱以转动的孔辊作为匀整元件 ,匀整浆料的流速 ,具有整流和分散纤维的作用 .该文主要讨论波迹效应对匀浆辊设计的影响 ;匀浆辊流浆箱的匀浆辊 (闸辊 )的波迹效应产生的纤维定向条纹 ,导致整流效果不良 ,最终引起涂布、压光中的纸病 ,影响印刷质量 .经分析 ,这种波迹效应引起的纤维定向条纹 ,不同于简单的定量条纹 ,改变匀浆辊的运行参数、几何参数并不能消除 .匀浆辊的转动 ,必然产生哪怕纵向上轻微的涡流 ,就不可避免产生定向问题 .因此 ,匀浆辊流浆箱只适用于中低速纸机 .     

Social learning in fishes: a review

Animals acquire skills and knowledge from other animals, and fish are no exception. There is now strong experimental evidence that many species of fish exhibit social learning and traditional behaviours. Here, we review the literature pertaining to social learning in fish, focusing on (i) antipredator behaviour, (ii) migration and orientation, (iii) foraging, (iv) mate choice and (v) eavesdropping.     

我国养蜂业发展的战略定位与对策建议 ——基于产业内外部效应的视角

养蜂业作为现代农业的重要组成部分,具有投入少、见效快、不占用耕地、不污染环境的特点。蜜蜂授粉还可以较大幅度提高农作物的产量和品质,促进农业实现健康、绿色和高质量发展。基于外部性理论及兼顾产业内外部效益,利用国家蜂产业体系固定观察点调研资料、蜂蜜市场价格调查和UNComtrade数据,分析了我国蜂业发展概况、生产模式、布局和发展特征,研判养蜂业面临的挑战,探讨其战略定位。研究表明,定地养殖规模相对较小但投入低,大转地养年运输距离最大可达1.5万km且单群收益最高。专业化、机械化和组织化是促进近年蜂农饲养规模稳步提高的主要因素。当前养蜂业面临3个方面的挑战:出口利润直降,高品质蜂产品生产技术与市场双重考验,大田有偿授粉机制尚未建立。因此,从增加农业农村经济和全社会福利的视角,充分发挥养蜂业在农业绿色、生态和高质量发展中的关键作用,提出战略定位和相应的政策。应着眼于专业蜂农生产技术水平提升,积极探索蜂业与种植业的耦合发展的模式,强化养蜂业外部性功能,以标准分级推动优质优价体系,以提升产业内部效益。     

玉米株型性状的遗传表达和自交系与杂交种株型的聚类分析

以4×7交配模式共得正、反交F_1杂交组合56个。对包括这11个自交系在内的15个自交系和包括这56个组合在内的60个 F_1组合(另外4个 F_1组合均为正交)研究了13个玉米株型性状的遗传表达和亲子关系。根据上部第1～8片叶的叶夹角和棒三叶的叶向值等9个性状对15个自交系和32个杂交种分别进行聚类分析。得到如下主要结果:①13个株型性状的正、反交 F_1间差异不显著。②对13个株型性状的遗传模型和杂种优势来源作了初步推断。株高(PH)、穗上一叶叶向值(LOV1)、棒三叶叶向值(LOV3)、穗上叶平均叶夹角(AALA)、穗上平均叶间距(AILA)、穗下平均叶间距(AILB)和穗上平均叶长(ALLA)等性状的加性方差显著大于显性方差,说明这些性状的遗传主要来自加性作用。穗位高(EH)、雄穗分枝数(TB)、茎粗(SD)、单株叶面积(LAP)、棒三叶叶面积(ALNE)和穗上平均叶宽(ALWA)的遗传由加性和非加性共同决定。③按8个穗上叶夹角和 LOV3所作的聚类分析可以把玉米自交系和杂交种的株型分为紧凑型、近紧凑型、近平展型和平展型四类;并可从自交系和杂交种聚类分析结果的对比看出株型性状的亲子关系。④针对各株型性...     

Influence of bud position on the formation of tubers on multiple node cuttings of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Summary Stem cuttings with variable number and position of leaves and variable number and age of buds were used to study the preference of tuberization at certain buds when several potential tuber sites were present. These cuttings were exposed to different orientations of the cuttings themselves and/or their light source. Inverting the cuttings did not affect overall tuberization, but had significant effects on individual buds, probably by the interaction between the original basipetal patterns in the cuttings and gravity effects. A smaller angle to the horizontal and lighting from below increased the overall expression of the tuberization stimulus. Leaf and bud position or age affected expression in a complicated manner, but the distance between screened bud and light-exposed leaf was crucial; buds most distant from illuminated leaves showed the strongest induction. The basic pattern of tuberization was basipetal.     

Effects of charging voltage,application speed,target height,and orientation upon charged spray deposition on leaf abaxial and adaxial surfaces

Wastage of agricultural chemicals and ensuing environmental pollution is an issue, where ineffective spray deposition is a major concern with conventional pesticide application methods. Electrostatic spraying is known to be one of the most effective methods to improve leaf abaxial (underside) surface deposition, overall deposition, and distribution on the plant targets. Deposition of charged sprays on leaf abaxial and adaxial (upper) surfaces as influenced by the spray charging voltage (system), application speed (operational), target height and orientation (target) parameters was studied in the laboratory. An air-assisted electrostatic induction spray charging system attached to a moving carriage was used to apply charged spray at uniform application (ground) speeds. Spray deposition (101–71 μm NMD), determined using a fluorescent tracer technique increased with charging (0–5.5 mC kg⁻¹) on leaf abaxial and decreased with charging on adaxial surface. The deposition was higher on abaxial (0.66–1.33 μg cm⁻²) at 30° below (horizontal plane) and on adaxial (0.78–1.79 μg cm⁻²) at 0° (horizontal) target orientation for lower (0.278 m s⁻¹) application speed. At all target heights, abaxial deposition increased with charging voltage (0–4.0 kV) for medium application speed (0.417 m s⁻¹) and adaxial deposition decreased with charging voltage for lower application speed (0.278 m s⁻¹). The medium application speed with higher charging voltage was optimum for abaxial and adaxial deposition. The droplet velocity and charging voltage were the key factors for obtaining desired spray deposition on targets. All the selected factors including target orientation (O), application speed (S), target surface (L), and charging voltage (V), and their interactions except between O and S were significant at lower (0.35 m) and medium (0.65 m) target heights. All the factors and their interactions except between O and V were significant at higher (0.95 m) height. Electrostatically charged spray improved the underside (abaxial) and overall deposition. The deposition was substantially influenced by factors such as charging voltage, application speed, plant target height, and target orientation.     

基于乡村发展的乡村景观多元价值体系构建研究

乡村景观多元价值体系是以乡村发展为主体的,以乡村景观作为价值客体的研究体系。它是乡村景观相关研究的基础性工作,是乡村景观评价的标准和乡村景观规划设计的理论基础。本文以乡村发展作为出发点和目标,从乡村发展的内在和外在需要,基于乡村发展的乡村景观价值、以及乡村景观价值取向的变迁和局限三个大的方面进行研究,最终构建具有科学性、实用性和可操作性的乡村景观多元价值体系所涵盖的四个价值领域。     

不同种类微生物对普洱茶发酵过程的影响

为阐明微生物在普洱茶发酵过程中作用机制,进行了普洱生茶单菌发酵实验,通过跟踪不同菌种对普洱茶发酵过程中感官品质和理化指标的影响,发现不同微生物对普洱茶发酵的作用,并对优势菌种进行混菌发酵实验,以期为工业化微生物发酵普洱茶提供理论和数据支持。结果表明,普洱茶发酵过程中,叶色由黄绿变为猪肝色,茶汤的苦涩感逐渐减弱,汤色红浓明亮,理化成分中茶多酚和水浸出物含量均减少,茶褐素和咖啡碱含量增加,且霉菌对这些成分的影响最大,酵母次之,细菌最小。混菌发酵茶样20d即具有普洱熟茶的品质。结果证明采用合理配比微生物发酵普洱茶可以缩短发酵时间,而且能更好地控制和规范普洱茶的发酵趋势和结果。