仔猪下橄榄核簇的形态和构筑——用Nissl,Weil和Golgi氏法研究

猪的下橄榄核簇由内侧副核、背侧副核和主核组成。内侧副核分为腹侧部、背侧部、Kooy氏背帽、Koo氏腹外侧突、B核和背内侧细胞柱;背侧副核分为主部和后脚;主核分为背板和腹板。在内侧副核腹侧部的腹侧,锥体的背侧,有一从未被报道过的特殊核团,暂命名为底核。     

Brain anatomy of two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus,Linnaeus, 1758): A comparative gross anatomical study of extant xenarthrans

The neural system plays an important role in understanding some features of animals. Anatomical complexity correlates with the increase of functional capacity. Xenarthrans include anteaters (Vermilingua), armadillos (Cingulata) and sloths (Folivora). This group is the base of eutherian mammals, and understanding the anatomy of its neural system could provide data for functional and evolutionary interpretations. The gross anatomy of the xenarthran brain is recorded. Four extant families of Pilosa and two families of Cingulata were sampled. Usual dissection procedures were used, and the brains were analysed macroscopically. The brain of two-toed sloth, three-toed sloth, six-banded armadillo, giant anteater and collared anteater are gyrencephalic. Pygmy anteater, nine-banded armadillo, great long-nosed armadillo, southern naked-tailed armadillo and giant armadillo are lissencephalic. In most species, the rhinal fissure presents two segments, rostral and caudal (except in Vermilingua and three-toed sloth). The diencephalon and brainstem present similar anatomy. The cerebellum is wide and presents four lobes (rostral, central, caudal and floccular). Its average volume is 12.16% (Folivora), 14.26% (Vermilingua) and 18.61% (Cingulata). Among these groups, there is a statistical difference between Folivora/Cingulata concerning the cerebellum average. The general pattern of the brain of the xenarthrans is similar to that of other mammals.     

PRIMARY IRRADIATION OF CANINE INTRACRANIAL MASSES

Twenty-nine dogs received primary radiation therapy for intracranial lesions and clinical signs suggestive of neoplasia. Presumptive diagnosis and tumor categorization was based on computed tomographic or magnetic resonance images. Meningioma was the most likely tumor type in 22 dogs and glioma or choroid plexus tumors were tentatively identified in 4 and 3 dogs, respectively. Cobalt-60 radiation was delivered in 3 Gy fractions on a daily, Monday-through-Friday basis for a total dose of 48 Gy (16 fractions) in 28 dogs; one dog received 54 Gy. Two of 29 dogs died during treatment of signs suggestive of progressive tumor growth but were included in the overall evaluation of response to treatment. Median overall survival was 250 days (range 21-804). Mild acute radiation effects on normal tissue developed and did not influence outcome in any dog. Late radiation effects could not be evaluated in this study. No significant predictive indicators were identified from the clinical or imaging data. Radiation therapy is superior to medical treatment of brain tumors in dogs with steroids, is useful for tumors that are not currently operable and may be preferable to surgical resection in dogs if the mass appears infiltrative. However, 22/29 (76%) dogs died of recurrent progressive neuropathy suggestive of tumor regrowth or progression. Thus, alternative methods for delivery of radiation to dogs with brain tumors or novel combinations of therapy should continue to undergo evaluation.     

4种鲌脑形态度量的比较研究

对鲌属翘嘴鲐（Culter albunms）、蒙古鲌C．mongolicus）、达氏鲌（C．dabryi）和原鲌属红鳍原鲌（Cultrichthys erythropterus）脑形态进行度量学及判别函数分析。结果表明：鲌属与原鲌属鱼类脑形态差异主要表现在小脑大小、嗅束长等,达氏鲌与翘嘴鲌、蒙古鲌脑形态差异主要表现在小脑及端脑大小。脑形态度量的聚类分析结果与依据表型性状进行的分类结果相一致,形态度量可作为对生态位相近的鱼类间的脑形态区分的一种有效方法。     

CEREBRAL VENTRICULAR SIZE IN DEVELOPING NORMAL KITTENS MEASURED BY ULTRASONOGRAPHY

To evaluate the age of fontanelle closure of normal kittens and the size of their lateral ventricles, 50 ultrasonographic examinations using the bregmatic fontanelle as an acoustic window were made. Seven kittens, laboratory animals, were included in the study. To verify the location of the lateral ventricle, two of the kittens were sacrificed as neonates. In one of them ink was injected prior to autopsy into one lateral ventricle under sonographic guidance. In a longitudinal study of five of the kittens, the skull depth and the depth of the central part of the lateral ventricle reproduced in a longitudinal view could be measured up to the age of about 5 months. During that period, the skull depth increased from a median value of 1.95 cm (1.92-1.98) in a seven-day-old cat to 2.58 cm (2.52-2.59) in a 154-day-old cat, while the afore-mentioned ventricle values increased from 0.3 mm to 1.1 mm.     

The Elekta Fraxion™ system is not suitable for maxillary fixation in canine conformal radiation therapy techniques

In this prospective, exploratory study, we evaluated the positioning accuracy in a group of 15 dogs undergoing fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for tumors affecting the head, using a modified human maxillary fixation device (Elekta Fraxion? system). Positioning was assessed using on‐board volumetric imaging, with a six‐degrees‐of‐freedom image registration technique. Prior to treatment delivery, CBCT images were obtained and patient alignment was corrected, in both translational and rotational planes, using a six‐degrees‐of‐freedom robotic patient positioning system (HexaPOD Evo RT System). The maximum angular inter‐fraction motions observed were 6.1° (yaw), 10.9° (pitch), and 4.5° (roll). The mean systematic translational errors were 4.7, 2.6, and 2.3 mm, mean random translational errors were 3.0, 2.2, and 2.5 mm, and mean overall translational errors were 2.4, 0.7, and 2.3 mm in the cranial‐caudal, lateral, and dorsal‐ventral directions, respectively. The mean systematic rotational errors were 1.17°, 0.77°, and 1.43°, the mean rotational random errors were 1.65°, 1.46°, and 1.34° and the mean overall rotational errors were 0.56°, 0.22°, and 0.29° in the yaw, pitch, and roll directions, respectively. The mean error of the three‐dimensional vector was 6.9 mm with a standard deviation of 3.8 mm. Ninety‐five percent of the three‐dimensional vectors were <14.8 mm. This study demonstrates that this maxillary fixation device relies on six‐degrees‐of‐freedom registration and an ability to apply corrections using a six‐degrees‐of‐freedom couch for accurate patient positioning and tumor targeting. Its use in conformal radiation therapy in dogs is not recommended.