Effects of Different Milk Samples on Sensitization in BALB/c Mice

In order to study the allergenicity of camel milk,cow milk and human milk,sixty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) group (positive control group),cow milk group,camel milk group,human milk group and blank group (negative control group). Each group of mice received 1 mg/g BW samples and 0.3 μg/g cholera toxin (CT) per week,while mice in control group were received PBS and CT. After six weeks of intragastric administration,some allergic symptoms,the serum specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) levels,plasma histamine levels and vascular permeability were detected. The results showed that the body weight of mice in camel milk,human milk and blank groups were normally increased,while that in β-lg and cow milk groups tended to slow down. The serum-specific IgE,IgG1 levels and histamine level in β-lg and cow milk groups were extremely significantly higher than blank group (P<0.01),the vascular permeability was increased,and the allergy symptoms were obvious. While the specific IgE and IgG1 levels of camel milk group were extremely significantly lower than cow milk group (P<0.01),but there were no significant difference with human milk group (P>0.05),and the allergy symptoms were mild. This study showed that the sensitization of camel milk was lower than cow milk,and similar to human milk.     

Study on the Virulence Gene Distribution and Genetic Evolution of Cattle Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli Isolates

This study was aimed to understand the relationship of virulence gene distribution and genetic evolution between cattle originated Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and human originated enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157. This experiment collected 18 strains STEC in a dairy farm from Jiangsu province and 9 STEC reference strains (human, sheep, swine and avian), according to the method of U.S. Centers for Disease Prevention and Control Center (PulseNet), using the XbaⅠ enzyme digestion and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis, virulence genes were detected in some STEC isolates. The virulence gene distribution of O157 from different origin was remarkably different. The cattle originated STEC O157 and the human originated EHEC O157:H7 (EDL933W) had the most similar virulence gene distribution. In contrast, virulence genes were lack in cattle STEC O18 and O26, even though the cattle STEC O18 and O26 had the similar genotype as human EHEC O157:H7 (EDL933W). PFGE of Xba Ⅰ digested chromosomal DNA from 27 isolates of STEC exhibited 22 profiles. In general,the Dice coefficients of different originated STEC ranged from 72% to 100%.Cattle STEC O157 had a high similarity with two strains of human originated EHEC O157, while a low similarity was demonstrated between cattle STEC O157 and STEC O157 of swine and avian. The Dice coefficients of the cattle STEC O157 and the two strains of human EHEC O157 ranged from 83% to 95%. The Dice coefficients of cattle STEC O26 (Ⅶ,Ⅷ) and the two strains of human EHEC O157 were more than 82%. Therefore, it was concluded that the cattle STEC O157 and human EHEC O157 had a closer relationship in terms of virulence gene distribution and in genetic evolution.     

宁夏典型草原不同退耕年限草地植物-土壤生态化学计量特征

为了研究宁夏典型草原不同退耕年限草地优势植物及土壤 C、N、P化学计量特征,本研究以宁夏南部典型草原区退耕草地为对象,分别对退耕0、1、3、5、6、8、11、15、20年草地优势植物及土壤碳、氮、磷等生态化学计量特征进行研究。结果表明,各植物全氮含量均表现为地上部分大于地下部分,且猪毛蒿整体全氮含量较其他植物高。全磷含量除赖草外也表现为地上部分大于地下部分。退耕1年狗尾草和退耕3年赖草有机碳含量表现为地下部分大于地上部分,其余各退耕年限地上部分大于地下部分。优势植物C∶N、C∶P、N∶P整体表现为退耕20年长芒草最大。赖草和猪毛蒿最小。退耕6年以上20年以内土壤有机碳含量由表层向深层逐层递减;全氮含量退耕0~6年呈波动式变化,退耕8年后全氮含量由表层向深层逐层递减;全磷含量变化趋势与全氮相同。研究区土壤C∶N变化范围为7.08~19.62,C∶P变化范围为6.60~35.25,N∶P变化范围为0.82~2.17。各层土壤C∶N平均值变化范围为11.18~15.03,C∶P平均值变化范围为14.09~24.55,N∶P平均值变化范围为1.06~1.98;除C∶N接近我国土壤C∶N均值外,研究区土壤C∶P和N∶P均低于我国土壤C∶P和N∶P均值。并且相应地表优势植物C∶N、C∶P、N∶P明显高于表层土壤。本研究中土壤C∶N与土壤有机碳之间相关性不显著,与全N呈负相关,意味着C∶N主要受N控制,而C∶P与有机碳呈显著正相关,与全P相关性不显著。土壤N∶P与土壤全N含量呈显著正相关,与土壤全P含量相关性不显著,说明主要受N控制,而土壤全N含量随退耕年限的增加呈波动式上升趋势。植物与土壤碳、氮、磷相关性显示:植物全N与土壤N之间相关性不显著(P>0.05),植物全P与土壤全N、全P呈极显著的相关关系(P<0.01),与土壤有机碳和N∶P呈显著的相关关系(P<0.05)。     

浅析覆盖稻草及秸秆还田对小麦纹枯病的控制作用

本研究结果表明：麦田覆盖稻草对小麦纹枯病具有较好的抑制作用,覆草２ａ后控病效果达７０％以上,覆草量以７５～１００ｋｇ／６６７ｍ２为宜,且覆草年限与控病效果成正相关;秸秆连续还田３ａ、５ａ,控病效果分别为５６．２％、６８．６％。     

耕作方式及秸秆还田对土壤性质、微生物碳源代谢及小麦产量的影响

以小麦品种济麦22为试验材料,采用裂区试验设计,耕作方式为主区,分别设常规翻耕(C)、深松(S)、旋耕(R)处理,副区为秸秆还田量,分别设秸秆全还田(P)和秸秆不还田(A)处理,采用Biolog Eco技术测定土壤微生物碳源代谢功能,并分析土壤基本理化性质和作物产量。结果显示:深松与秸秆还田均有利于土壤含水量和有机碳含量的提高,0～15 cm土层分别提高了9.78%和24.00%,15～30 cm土层分别提高了7.08%和15.81%;深松提高了15～30 cm土层的pH值6.67%,秸秆还田提高了0～15 cm土层的pH值4.32%。深松和秸秆还田均有利于代谢多样性(丰富度指数、香浓多样性指数)、碳源代谢强度的提高,0～15 cm土层分别提高了26.84%、3.84%和38.02%,15～30 cm土层分别提高了11.87%、 3.63%和14.74%。主成分分析表明常规翻耕秸秆不还田和旋耕耕作秸秆不还田碳源代谢功能相近,15～30 cm层次内常规翻耕秸秆全还田碳源代谢功能和深松耕作秸秆全还田处理相近。深松和秸秆还田平均提高了小麦产量5.82%,微生物碳源代谢功能与小麦产量具有极显著的相关性。     

4%嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺展膜油剂防治水稻纹枯病田间药效初探

展膜油剂是一种专为省力化施药研制的农药剂型。为明确新药剂4%嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺展膜油剂对水稻纹枯病的防治效果,分别在河北省、湖北省、湖南省及上海市选取8地进行了2年田间药效试验,比较了不同剂量处理间的防治效果。结果表明,4%嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺展膜油剂对水稻纹枯病具有较好防效,优于对照药剂25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂及240g/L噻呋酰胺悬浮剂防治效果,且使用方便。当施药量达到200mL/7667m^2时,2014年,在河北省、湖北省、湖南省及上海市,药后14d防效分别为82.41%、89.2%、83.25%及95.29%;2015年,在河北省、湖北省、湖南省试验地,药后14d防效分别为81.72%、81.95%、90.9%;两年防效均优于或持平于对照药剂。最佳施药量为200mL/667m^2.     

Optimizing aphid biocontrol with the predator Aphidoletes aphidimyza,based on biology and ecology

Aphidoletes aphidimyza is one of the most important predators used in the augmentative biological control of aphids, key pests of many crops worldwide. Adult females are very efficient in locating aphid infestations over a relatively long range, up to 45 m, and deposit eggs near or within aphid colonies. The predatory larvae are aphid generalists preying on several agriculturally important aphid species. The successful use of this biocontrol agent in agricultural systems depends on several biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic factors, aphid species, plant structure, interspecific competition and intraguild predation may significantly impact the predator´s population dynamics. Key abiotic conditions include day lengths (above a critical threshold to prevent diapause), availability of mating sites in the crop, temperature (above 15 °C to enable egg laying), air relative humidity (above 70%) and availability of pupation sites. Although several successes have been reported in open field crops with naturally occurring or released populations, commercial releases are primarily used in protected crops. Optimized emergence boxes combining provisioning of food sources for the adults, integration with the technological advances that occurred in the greenhouse environment lately, insights into the nutritional ecology in open field crops and exploration of the genetic variability are proposed as future directions to improve adoption and efficacy of A. aphidimyza in crop protection. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

20种茎叶处理除草剂对冬小麦田宝盖草的防效及安全性测定

为筛选防除冬小麦田宝盖草的高效茎叶处理除草剂,本试验连续两年选取20种除草剂进行冬小麦田宝盖草的防除研究。结果表明,在小麦返青期施药,200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯乳油、50%吡氟酰草胺水分散粒剂和10%苄嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂有效成分用量分别为210、120和60 g/hm~2时,药后40 d对宝盖草的株防效和鲜重防效均达到90%以上,并且对冬小麦表现安全,可大面积示范推广。     

平作区棉秆粉碎与残膜回收联合作业机设计与试验

针对新疆平作区残膜回收作业过程中秸秆粉碎合格率低、残膜回收率低的问题,设计了一种秸秆粉碎与残膜回收联合作业机。对甩刀秸秆粉碎过程进行受力分析,确定了刀轴最佳转速为2 000 r·min-1。对起膜铲起膜机理和残膜捡拾过程进行分析,确定了导曲面参数方程和残膜捡拾装置主要工作参数。以机具作业速度v、起膜铲入土倾角α和残膜输送链转速n为影响因素,以秸秆粉碎合格率Y1和残膜回收率Y2为评价指标进行田间试验。结果表明:当起膜铲入土角为30°,机具前进速度为5.5 km·h-1,残膜输送链转速为120 r·min-1时,秸秆粉碎合格率为91.5%,残膜回收率为85.7%,整机运行状态良好,满足秸秆粉碎还田与残膜回收的技术要求。