A Call For Improving Winter Windbreak Design for Lowbush Blueberry Production in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean Region of Québec,Canada

Wind exposure may reduce the snowpack and increase frost damage to lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.). Farmers in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region (Québec) have therefore installed natural windbreaks to maintain a deep snow cover. We verified the efficiency of 39 windbreaks distributed over two farms. Over two consecutive years, snow depth was measured along transects established perpendicular to these windbreaks. In the first summer, frost damage and yields were assessed at each point where snow depth had been measured. We found large fluctuations in snow depth along most transects, with deeper snow occurring within 20 m on either side of windbreaks. Relative snow depth distribution was correlated between years on 19 transects. On one farm, one third of total transect length was below the recognized critical depth of 30 cm. On this farm, the proportion of damaged stems, the mean length of stem damage and the damaged-to-total stem length decreased exponentially with increasing snow depth. Likewise, the number of fruits per stem decreased exponentially with the length of stem damage and increased linearly with snow depth. Given current trends in climate change, our results serve as a timely call for improving winter windbreak design in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region.     

膜沟灌溉入渗规律试验初报

膜沟灌溉是与地膜覆盖技术相结合的沟灌,它将带有渗水孔的地膜敷贴在灌水沟内形成膜沟,灌溉时水在沟内的膜上流动,并通过膜孔渗入土壤。针对膜沟灌溉的累积入渗量、湿润深度随入渗历时变化规律进行了研究。研制了膜沟灌溉入渗试验装置,针对2排3列膜孔布置方案进行了膜沟灌溉入渗试验,观测得到了不同入渗历时的累积入渗量和湿润深度。结果表明,累积入渗量与入渗历时之间的关系符合Kostiakov-Lewis模型,湿润深度随入渗历时的变化符合幂函数关系,因此可用该2个模型描述膜沟灌溉的入渗规律。     

乌兰布和沙漠东北缘地下水位对白刺生长的影响

以乌兰布和沙漠东北缘唐古特白刺为研究对象,选择沙漠与绿洲过渡的大气干燥区以及绿洲与其东南缘黄河之间、靠近黄河西北岸的大气湿润区作为对比研究区段,分析地下水位在2种不同大气干燥程度下对白刺盖度、高度生长的影响。结果表明:不同的地下水位和大气干燥程度对白刺的盖度及高度生长都有显著影响。在绿洲外围干燥区段,白刺盖度、高度分别与地下水位表现出指数增长趋势;根据曲线拟合预测:盖度、高度生长的最佳地下水位区间均为2500～9000mm。在湿润区段,白刺盖度、高度随地下水位分别表现出高斯变化曲线;高度生长比盖度表现出更宽的地下水位阈值;根据曲线拟合预测:高度生长的最佳地下水位区间为1000～9000mm,盖度的最佳区间为2000～7500mm。     

基于随机森林模型的旺业甸实验林场土壤全氮数字制图

为探究林场土壤全氮含量的空间分布特征及对环境因素的响应,以旺业甸实验林场为研究区,采用随机森林模型和Cubist模型建立了不同土层深度（0~10、10~30、30~50 cm）土壤全氮含量与环境协变量（海拔、归一化植被指数、年平均降水量、年平均气温、y坐标和坡向）之间的定量关系模型,对该区土壤全氮含量进行预测并制图,并分析了影响土壤全氮空间变异的控制性因素。研究结果显示：0~10、10~30、30~50 cm土层实测全氮含量的均值分别为3.20、2.02、1.47 g/kg,土壤全氮的平均含量随土层深度的增加而降低;3个土层深度土壤全氮预测随机森林模型的决定系数R²分别为0.59、0.42和0.39,均优于决定系数R²分别为0.56、0.38和0.34的Cubist模型,2种模型预测精度都随土层深度的增加而降低,各环境因素对土壤全氮空间分布的影响作用随土层深度的增加而减小;从随机森林模型土壤全氮预测图来看,不同土层深度土壤全氮含量均呈现西部、北部和中部低,西南、东南和东部高的空间格局,不确定性图显示随机森林模型预测土壤全氮含量分布具有较低的标准差;海拔对土壤全氮含量的影响最大,其他依次为：归一化植被指数>年平均降水量>年平均气温>y坐标>坡向。结果表明,随机森林模型可以作为有效预测该林场不同土层深度土壤全氮含量的方法。     

土壤厚度对天然草地植被盖度和生物量的影响

土壤厚度是土壤肥力存在和植物生长的重要物质基础.本文调查了内蒙古东部地区多伦、锡林浩特和巴林左旗3个长期保护天然草地的土壤厚度和植被盖度等植物生长状况.结果表明,天然草地植被盖度、地上生物量和高度随土壤厚度的增加而增大.当土壤厚度小于20 cm时,植被盖度和地上生物量随土壤厚度的降低急剧减小,当土壤厚度小于10 cm时,植被类型为非地带性植被,盖度小于30%,地上生物量小于150 g/m2;当土壤厚度大于20 cm后,植被盖度一般大于80%,地上生物量接近或大于200 g/m2,而且土壤厚度大于20 cm后植被盖度和地上生物量随土壤厚度的继续增大变化平缓.研究区地带性天然草地植被正常生长的最低土壤厚度为20 cm左右.     

中西太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓钓钩深度分布及其影响因素研究

为掌握中西太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓作业中钓钩深度分布及其影响因素,根据2021年8月-10月随“淞航”号调查船在中西太平洋海域调查时采集的作业参数、钓钩深度和环境数据等信息,利用支持向量回归机模型(SVR)和广义加性模型(GAM)分析不同作业参数和环境因素下钓钩深度的分布情况,探讨各因素对钓钩深度的影响。结果表明：(1)钓钩深度的计算值中1号钓钩最小,为130.03±3.32 m;8号钓钩最大,为363.25±36.52 m。实测值中1号钓钩最小,为130.81±17.94 m;7号钓钩最大,为329.91±54.37 m。(2)1号钓钩的SVR模型整体拟合度最小(R2=0.38);6号钓钩的整体拟合度最大(R2=0.77)。SVR模型训练值的均方差中6号钓钩最小,为0.138;8号钓钩最大,为0.309。测试值的均方差中4号钓钩最小,为0.086;5号钓钩最大,为0.282。(3)GAM分析显示64 m、192 m水层流速和投绳速度与各钓钩深度相关性最高,其次分别为128 m、256 m、320 m水层流速和船速。382 m水层流速和风速与各钓钩深度均无显著相关性。(4)SVR和GAM的钓钩深度预测值与实测值平均差异分别为1.75%和6.38%。SVR预测值与实测值随钓钩位置变化趋势一致,吻合性较好。研究结果将有助于在金枪鱼延绳钓作业中改善钓具性能,提高捕捞效率。     

Influence of water flow velocity, water depth and colony distance on distribution and foraging patterns of terns in the Wadden Sea

Surface-feeding seabirds, such as Common ( Sterna hirundo ) and Arctic Terns ( Sterna paradisaea ) in the German Wadden Sea, are dependent on biological and physical processes that affect prey availability close to the water surface. We proposed the following four hypotheses: (i) relationships should exist between high water flow velocity and foraging activity of terns, as turbulence should enhance prey availability at the surface; (ii) the areas of highest foraging success should be located within areas of low water depth, due to enhanced biological productivity; (iii) as terns are known to have small foraging radii, the location of their breeding grounds should be related to the location of their foraging grounds; (iv) terns should forage intensely in river estuaries, as these should hold ample food supplies. The time between terns leaving the colony and their first foraging attempt differed significantly among different tidal stages: the time was shortest during flood and ebb tides (i.e., highest water flow velocities). Modelling of a long-term data set revealed the highest probability of foraging activity in conditions of high water currents, in both shallow areas and in areas of around 15–20 m depth. Foraging activity was negatively correlated with distance from colony. The distance to the closest estuary had no significant effect on foraging behaviour. Our findings emphasize the physical–biological coupling in the Wadden Sea and highlight the overall importance of small-scale physical processes in directly influencing prey availability for surface-feeding seabirds.     

水库异重流潜入点深度预测模型

研究水库异重流的输沙和排沙特性,首先要研究异重流的形成条件,通常是根据异重流潜入点的深度与水库水深的关系判别异重流的形成。通过研究一经过有坡度的浅河道进入水库的悬浮流体,应用连续方程、质量和动量守恒方程以及混掺缓慢变化的动量方程研究异重流潜入现象,根据控制问题的参数建立潜入点深度预测模型,这些预测参数包括密度佛汝德数F0,初始混合率γ,底坡S和全摩擦系数ft。这里提出的潜入点深度模型与实验室异重流和水库异重流观测数据吻合良好。     

Effects of the sowing depth and temperature on the seedling emergence and early growth of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) and wheat

The experiment was conducted under a controlled environment to study the effects of different temperature regimes (15/10°C, 20/15°C, and 25/20°C day/night) and sowing depths (0, 2, 4, and 6 cm) on the seedling emergence and early growth (height gain) of wheat (cv. Marvdasht) and wild barley ( Hordeum spontaneum ). The cumulative emergence and plant height gain over time were modeled with the use of a logistic function. For a particular temperature regime, the maximum percentage emergence (E _max ) of wheat was higher than that of wild barley across all sowing depths. The maximum and minimum E _max values for both species occurred at 20/15°C and 25/20°C, respectively. The time taken to reach 50% of the E _max (i.e. E₅₀) increased with the sowing depth in both species under all temperature regimes. The E₅₀ of wild barley was greater than that of wheat for all temperature regimes, with maximum differences observed at 20/15°C. The greatest maximum plant height (H _max ) was observed at the surface planting for both plants. The H _max was reduced at temperatures either lower or higher than 20/15°C, with a more notable reduction in wild barley. At all temperature regimes, the time taken to reach 50% of the H _max (i.e. H₅₀) increased linearly with the sowing depth but, at higher temperatures, the accelerated growth rate reduced the H₅₀. The wild barley seedling emergence and height gain rate, as expressed relative to those of wheat, revealed the highest superiority of wheat over wild barley at 25/20°C and the sowing depth of 4 cm.