Effect of tillage and burial depth and density of seed on viability and seedling emergence of weedy rice

Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) is one of the three worst paddy weeds in most rice growing areas. The unexpected heavy infestation is derived from a persistence of soil seed bank of weedy rice, which the shattered seeds chiefly feed back to. Information on soil seed bank dynamics is imperative to predict the infestation of weeds. In the present paper, the effect of rotary tillage on weedy rice seed bank structure was studied first, and a burial experiment of marked seeds was conducted to observe the overwintering survival, seed viability and seedling emergence of weedy rice. The results showed that the proportion of weedy rice seeds in deeper soil increased but seedling emergence decreased with increasing plowing depth. The viability of weedy rice seeds decreased as the burial duration time extended but more slowly in deeper soil layers. Additionally, there was no significant effect of burial density on seed viability. Moreover, the logistic model fitted well (R²≥0.95, P≤0.01) with the depressive trends of seed viability with increasing burial time under all burial depths and densities which can provide us further information about seed survival. In field experiments, number of seedling emergence significantly decreased as seed burial depth increased, conversely, proportion of seedling emergence increased as seed burial density decreased. This study has important implications for determining strategies for weedy rice management by exhausting its seed bank through the alteration of tillage practices.     

高山毛竹林不同坡位和土层深度的土壤理化性质

[目的]研究毛竹林中不同坡位和土层深度的土壤物理性质和基本化学性质,为高山地区毛竹林经营提供科学依据。[方法]以闽北高山地区的毛竹林土壤为对象,按坡位采集土壤样品,分析相关理化指标。[结果]毛竹林上坡、下坡土壤物理性质优于中坡土壤,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效硼、有效铜、有效铁含量随坡位和土层深度的增加大致呈下降趋势,有效硅含量随土层深度的增加而增加,总体看毛竹林中坡土壤物理性质较差,养分流失严重,下坡土壤理化条件较为理想。[结论]在毛竹林经营过程中,应特别注重加强对中坡的治理防护,防止土壤退化。     

被动式倾斜波纹圆盘破茬刀工作性能试验

以被动式倾斜波纹圆盘刀为研究对象,运用速度瞬心法得出播种机前进速度和切茬深度是切茬速度的主要影响因素。考察了播种机前进速度和配重对圆盘刀工作性能主要指标(切茬深度和牵引阻力)的影响。两指标两因素正交田间试验结果表明,切茬深度和牵引阻力均随两因素增加而增大,配重是影响切茬深度的主要因素;当配重达到一定值时,播种机前进速度对切茬深度的影响比对牵引阻力的影响显著。     

小麦宽苗带等深播种装置设计与试验研究

针对当前播种机仿形效果差、播种深度稳定性差影响播种质量等问题,采用机械执行部件优化与电气控制相互配合的方法,设计了小麦宽苗带等深播种装置。设计出等高位宽幅播种开沟器和刮土整备器,优化了开沟器与覆土器;通过PLC系统对地表的镇压轮垂直反力的监测,采用闭环控制实现播种深度的实时控制。并对装置进行试验,试验结果表明:理论播种深度为25、30、35mm时,实际播种深度均值为25.7、29.4、35.7mm,播深稳定性系数为92.6%、93.2%、90.8%,播种深度一致,满足了播深稳定性要求。     

乌兰布和沙漠东北缘地下水位对白刺生长的影响

以乌兰布和沙漠东北缘唐古特白刺为研究对象,选择沙漠与绿洲过渡的大气干燥区以及绿洲与其东南缘黄河之间、靠近黄河西北岸的大气湿润区作为对比研究区段,分析地下水位在2种不同大气干燥程度下对白刺盖度、高度生长的影响。结果表明:不同的地下水位和大气干燥程度对白刺的盖度及高度生长都有显著影响。在绿洲外围干燥区段,白刺盖度、高度分别与地下水位表现出指数增长趋势;根据曲线拟合预测:盖度、高度生长的最佳地下水位区间均为2500～9000mm。在湿润区段,白刺盖度、高度随地下水位分别表现出高斯变化曲线;高度生长比盖度表现出更宽的地下水位阈值;根据曲线拟合预测:高度生长的最佳地下水位区间为1000～9000mm,盖度的最佳区间为2000～7500mm。     

水深和光照对黄鳝受精卵孵化率的影响

对采用微流水孵化器黄鳝受精卵进行不同水深和光照孵化单因子试验。实验结果表明:在2~23 cm水层中,随水深增加孵化率降低。在不大于16 cm水深时可获得较高的孵化率,在离水面2 cm左右孵化最佳。不同光照试验结果表明,黄鳝受精卵长期在强光2 000 lx以上或长期弱光250 lx以下环境中孵化率较低。光照度在250~1 500 lx范围随光照加强孵化率提高。光照度在1 500 lx左右获得较佳孵化率。     

苗间除草部件入土深度PID自动控制系统设计与台架试验

除草部件入土深度(松土深度)对苗间机械除草装置的作业性能有较大影响。为提高大豆苗间机械除草装置除草部件入土深度的稳定控制、降低伤苗率和埋苗率,该文提出了基于超声波测距的苗间机械除草部件入土深度控制方法。在梳齿式苗间机械除草装置研究基础上,设计了除草部件入土深度控制系统。建立了除草部件入土深度调节液压控制系统的数学模型,并对建立的传递函数在Matlab/Simulink中进行了仿真和PID校正。仿真结果表明:该系统采用PID控制算法对期望松土深度值进行跟踪调节,其稳态响应时间为0.48 s,静差为0.06～0.09 mm。在室内苗间除草台架上进行了超声测距动态试验与松土深度控制试验。超声测距试验表明:应用HC-SR04型超声波模块并结合设计的仿形台对地表进行动态测距不再受地表苗、草等影响,在0.278、0.556和0.833 m/s 3种行进速度下,针对各个样本点的位置与人工测量相比,二者平均对照误差分别为:4.95、5.36和5.90 mm,最大对照误差分别为:6.6、7.4和8.3 mm。除草部件入土深度控制台架试验表明:控制系统能够实现苗间机械除草作业松土深度的稳定控制,在土槽行进速度0.278 m/s时,松土深度可稳定控制在(30±8)mm范围内,满足苗间除草的深度控制要求。该研究为解决苗间除草部件松土深度稳定控制问题提供新思路和借鉴。     

不同播深下硬秆仲彬草种子萌发及幼苗生长

模拟硬秆仲彬草(Kengyili rigidula)种子自然埋藏深度状况,设计0、1、2、3、4和5 cm共6个播深,研究了其出苗率及幼苗生长对播深的响应。结果表明,不同的播深对硬秆仲彬草的种子萌发率、幼苗出苗率和种子休眠率有显著影响。硬秆仲彬草种子出苗率随播深的增加呈下降趋势,播深为1 cm时出苗率最高为78.4%,播深为2和3 cm时分别为63.2%和63.6%,播深为0时最低,为13.6%,与前三者有显著差异。硬秆仲彬草种子最适宜的播深为1~3 cm,0及4 cm以上播深不利于其出苗和幼苗生长     

芦苇微咸水适宜灌溉模式研究

以湿地芦苇生产区为研究背景,设置单因素和双因素交互作用试验。基于数理统计方法讨论了不同灌溉水盐度和水位深度对芦苇植株高度、基茎粗和产量的影响。单因素试验表明:芦苇基茎粗呈平缓降低趋势,低盐度范围内芦苇株高变化趋势不明显,高盐度抑制芦苇生长,采用小于0.9%盐度的水灌溉芦苇对其产量影响不显著;芦苇的株高和基茎粗随水位升高而增加,高水位范围内株高增长不明显,灌溉水层保持在20~25 cm芦苇长势较好。因此,从双因素交互作用分析结果中可以得出结论:盐度和水深均是制约芦苇生长和产量的重要因子。采用盐度上限0.9%,水层深度20~25 cm咸淡水混合灌溉模式比较理想。     

The effects of mesoscale oceanographic structures and ambient conditions on the catch of albacore tuna in the South Pacific longline fishery

Albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) exhibit patchy concentrations associated with biological process at a wide range of spatial scales, resulting in variations in their catchability by fishing gears. Here, we investigated the association of catch variation for pelagic longlines in the South Pacific Ocean with oceanographic mesoscale structures (in horizontal dimension) and ambient conditions (in vertical dimension). The distribution of albacore tuna as indicated by catch per unit effort (CPUE) of longlines was significantly related to the presence of mesoscale structures, with higher CPUE found at locations closer to thermal fronts and with greater gradient magnitudes, as well as areas marked by peripheral contour line of the anticyclone indicated by Sea Surface Height Anomalies ~0.05 m. Surface mesoscale current velocity had the negative effect on the catch, probably as a result of decreased catchability by shoaling the hook depth. Vertical distribution of albacore in the survey region of South Pacific Ocean was hardly restricted by ambient temperature and oxygen concentration, though effect of ambient temperature was relevant and showed a negatively linear correlation with CPUE at the range of 20–24°C. On the contrary, albacore distribution was evidently dominated by the water depth and showed strong preference on water depth of 200 m, which was likely a representative feeding layer. The presence of prey resources and their accessibility by albacore revealed by mesoscale structures in the biological and physical processes, and catchability determined by the location of the baited hooks comprehensively contribute to the variability of catch.