基于潜热效应的活立木冻融检测传感器设计与实验

针对植物冻融过程中植物水分生理信息(植物水冰含量)难以实时、在线、连续监测及冻融难以准确判断的问题,设计了一种基于潜热效应的活立木冻融检测传感器。通过检测植物冻融过程中潜热释放引起的温度变化对茎干是否冻融进行有效判断,在准确检测冻融点的基础上,根据茎干体积含水率变化计算冻融过程中的茎干体积含冰量及径向冻融深度,同时设计环式弹片探头消除固定式探头对茎干压迫形成的凹槽。标定结果表明,传感器测量结果与真值拟合决定系数超过0. 99。静动态特性分析表明,传感器体积含水率和温度测量范围分别为0～68. 67%、-30～80℃,动态响应时间小于2 s。室内冻融模拟实验及室外长期冻融监测表明,传感器能够有效检测植物冻融过程中茎干水分生理参数的变化,可以作为植物冻融的有效监测手段。     

河套灌区不同地类盐分迁移估算及与地下水埋深的关系

针对河套灌区引水量逐年减少、输入灌区的盐分无法有效排出、仅能在灌区内部重新分配的现状,以河套灌区耕地-荒地-海子为研究对象,通过野外实测和室内试验分析相结合,基于地质统计学、溶质动力学理论,研究了耕地-荒地-海子系统土壤剖面、不同土层盐分和地下水盐分的时空变化特征,定量估算了不同时期的盐分变化,揭示了系统盐分的表观平衡,分析了地下水埋深对土壤盐分的影响。结果表明:在耕地-荒地-海子系统中,灌溉期,耕地大量盐分随地下水迁移到荒地,秋浇前荒地含盐量是耕地的2倍,秋浇后荒地脱盐量是耕地的3倍。整个生育期耕地1 m土体盐分通过灌溉期淋洗,积盐率仍为56%,秋浇后盐分没有完全排出,脱盐率为44%,土壤深层有轻微积盐现象;荒地1 m土体积盐率为63%,秋浇后脱盐率为62%,荒地盐分全年基本保持平衡。地下水和海子盐分时空分布呈条带状,存在较强的空间相似性,海子是系统的储盐区。应采取有效措施将灌区目前地下水埋深降低0.2 m,研究区地下水埋深控制在1.7～2.3 m之间更佳。在生育期(5月15日—9月15日),荒地1 m土体积盐量为377 705 kg/hm~2。地下水补给荒地20～100 cm土壤盐量为17 985 kg/hm~2,占积盐量的5%; 0～20 cm土壤盐量增加202 395 kg/hm~2,占积盐量的54%;耕地地下水迁移给荒地深层土壤盐量为114 015 kg/hm~2,占积盐量的30%;耕地水平渗透给荒地的盐量为43 305 kg/hm~2,占积盐量11%。本研究可为灌区水盐运移提供理论依据。     

土壤残膜对水分入渗过程的影响

地膜残留会改变土壤的湿润过程,进而影响土壤水分分布及有效性。通过四元二次正交旋转组合试验,分析土壤湿润锋运行时间与土壤初始含水率、土壤干容重、残膜含量、残膜埋深的相关关系。结果表明:初始含水率、土壤干容重和残膜含量是显著影响湿润锋运移时间的主要因素,因素影响大小顺序依次为:初始含水率>土壤干容重>残膜含量;湿润锋运移时间随土壤干容重和残膜量的增加而增加,随初始含水率的增加直线减小。交互效应分析显示:当残膜量大于150 kg/hm2时,随着土壤容重的增加,湿润锋运移时间保持稳定趋势;当土壤干容重大于1.41 g/cm3时,湿润锋运移时间随残膜含量的增加逐渐减小。可见,残膜对土壤湿润锋下移具有一定的阻塞作用,在一定条件还具有导流作用。     

南通地区强降雪和积雪深度预报研究

为了预防和减轻强降雪过程对设施农业和生产生活可能带来的不利影响,提高预报和服务水平,利用常规高空和地面资料、ECWMF 0.75°x 0.75°再分析资料,对南通地区1951年以来共19次区域性暴雪过程从影响系统、大气层积、动力和水汽条件等方面进行分析总结,并以2013年的区域性暴雪为例说明诊断分析和预报过程。结果显示：(1)南通属于北亚热带季风气候,雨或雨夹雪转暴雪过程占多数,判断降雪量要关注转为纯降雪以后的降水量,积雪深度还要注意地表温度的高低,因此必须同时考虑强冷空气南下和强盛暖湿气流北上的综合影响;(2)形成强降雪的天气系统主要包括南北两支西风槽、中低空切变、西南急流和低空冷垫,实例是典型区域性暴雪天气形势;(3)500～850 hPa高度至少有两层强盛的SW急流,强烈辐合上升主要发生在700 hPa及以上高度,为暴雪的形成提供了动力和水汽条件,850 hPa以下为冷垫,850～700 hPa存在逆温, 850 hPa气温小于等于-4 ℃、2 m气温小于等于3 ℃时降雨向降雪转变,地表温度接近零度后积雪增长明显;(4)南通地区24 h平均SLR,纯雪过程≥10,雨转雪过程＜10、东南部＜ 5,一般可通过850 hPa、2 m气温及地表温度对降水相态转换和SLR做出预判;(5)从历史强降雪中寻找天气形势相似过程,对比层结、动力和水汽条件,然后对相似过程实况进行缩放来推断降水量和积雪深度,也是一种可行的方法。     

A Call For Improving Winter Windbreak Design for Lowbush Blueberry Production in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean Region of Québec,Canada

Wind exposure may reduce the snowpack and increase frost damage to lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.). Farmers in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region (Québec) have therefore installed natural windbreaks to maintain a deep snow cover. We verified the efficiency of 39 windbreaks distributed over two farms. Over two consecutive years, snow depth was measured along transects established perpendicular to these windbreaks. In the first summer, frost damage and yields were assessed at each point where snow depth had been measured. We found large fluctuations in snow depth along most transects, with deeper snow occurring within 20 m on either side of windbreaks. Relative snow depth distribution was correlated between years on 19 transects. On one farm, one third of total transect length was below the recognized critical depth of 30 cm. On this farm, the proportion of damaged stems, the mean length of stem damage and the damaged-to-total stem length decreased exponentially with increasing snow depth. Likewise, the number of fruits per stem decreased exponentially with the length of stem damage and increased linearly with snow depth. Given current trends in climate change, our results serve as a timely call for improving winter windbreak design in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region.     

雨水导入表土以下不同深度土壤蒸发变化研究

通过蒸发装置模拟试验,将雨水引入到表土层以下不同深度,从而改变土壤接受雨水的深度,测定土壤蒸发量,分析土壤蒸发强度、蒸发量、蒸发率和蒸发量的动态变化,确定改变雨水接受深度对土壤蒸发规律的影响。结果表明：雨水接受深度增加,土壤蒸发强度大幅度减少,雨水接受深度（H）为30 cm时,降水量（P）为30、20、10 mm处理的第1天蒸发强度分别为1.6、1.3、0.9 mm·d^-1,仅为地表接受雨水处理蒸发强度的21.02%、15.85%和12.98%。土壤蒸发量与雨水接受深度和降雨量大小有关,随时间的延长,相同接受深度条件下,蒸发量随雨量增大而增大。地面接受雨水的土壤蒸发量与时间呈对数相关（R²=0.9959）,雨水接受深度为30 cm则呈线性相关（R²=0.9924）。与地面接受雨水相比,地表以下土层接受雨水可降低土壤蒸发损失,随深度增加,土壤蒸发率降低,P10H0、P10H10、P10H20和P10H30处理18 d蒸发率分别为141.14%、109.03%、49.16%和24.75%;土壤水分的蒸发率也与降雨量有关,雨水接受深度为20 cm,降雨量分别为10、20、30 mm时,6 d内土壤水分蒸发率分别为26.76%、13.57%和9.71%%。     

Regenerative capacity and response to pre‐emergent herbicides by stolon fragments of triquetrous murdannia (Murdannia triquetra) in rice

Triquetrous murdannia is an annual stoloniferous weed commonly found in wheat‐rice rotation fields in China. Disturbance after wheat harvesting can fragment stolons of triquetrous murdannia, and the regeneration of these fragments may contribute to the spread of this weed. In this study, the regenerate capacity and response to pre‐emergence (PRE) herbicides of stolon fragment of triquetrous murdannia were evaluated in a screenhouse. The experiment consisted of two types of single node fragments (2‐cm stolon node and five‐leaf stolon tips) placed under different floating, flooding and burial depth conditions. Results indicated that floating depth did not influence the survival of the two types of fragments but significantly decreased their growth (stolon length, number of branches, and biomass). The stolon nodes were more sensitive to flooding than stolon tips; no stolon node survived at a flooding depth of 6 cm. The highest survival was observed for fragments placed on the soil surface, and no fragments buried to a depth of 2 cm survived. PRE application of benzobicyclon, butachlor, metazosulfuron, and triafamone significantly decreased the branching and biomass of the stolon nodes; however, only triafamone and metazosulfuron significantly inhibited the regeneration of the stolon tips. These results suggest that stolon fragments with one node are likely to promote vegetative reproduction in triquetrous murdannia, and thus, disturbance may contribute to the spread of this weed. Tillage to bury fragments below their maximum regeneration depth and application of an effective PRE herbicide could serve as important tools for managing triquetrous murdannia.     

缓解超级早稻灌浆结实期高温热害的灌水深度研究

[目的]揭示不同灌水深度对超级早稻灌浆结实期高温热害的缓解效应,明确适宜灌水深度.[方法]以超级早稻"陵两优268"为材料,在自然高温热害条件下设置田间试验,设置常规灌溉(灌水深度2.5 cm,CK)、灌水深度5、7.5、10 cm共计4个灌水深度,测定水稻群体温度、剑叶生理指标、水稻产量及其构成因子,分析不同灌水深度...