秦川牛腿骨油的脂质组成分析

为了实现畜禽骨副产物的有效利用,本研究采用超声波辅助溶剂浸出法提取秦川牛腿骨油,应用高效液相色谱(HPLC)、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法和基于多维质谱“鸟枪法”脂质组学技术(MDMS-SL)综合分析牛腿骨油的脂质组成,并对牛腿骨油的氧化稳定性、酸价和过氧化值等理化性质以及酚类化合物进行测定。结果表明,秦川牛腿骨油中含有丰富的甘油酯,其中甘油三酯(TAG)含量为93.85%,同时含有少量的甘油二酯(DAG)。在秦川牛腿骨油中共检测出24种脂肪酸,单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为62.85%和2.18%;24种酰基肉碱,总含量为1.18 nmol·g^-1;17种鞘磷脂,总含量为35.36 nmol·g^-1;38种磷脂酰胆碱,总含量为22.16 nmol·g^-1。样品具有较强的氧化稳定性,酸价和过氧化值分别为16.43 mg KOH·g^-1和5.22 mmol·kg^-1,含有α-生育酚、α-三烯酚及γ-三烯酚3种酚类化合物。丰富的TAG、不饱和脂肪酸及鞘磷脂含量使秦川牛腿骨油在促进营养吸收、降血糖血脂及抗炎等方面具有较大的利用潜力。本研究为秦川牛腿骨油相关高附加值产品的开发提供了理论基础。     

武术运动员退役前后骨量丢失的身体部位及年龄特征

应用DXA双能量X射线骨密度仪测量退役前后武术运动员前臂、腰椎和髋部骨量,探讨PBM及骨量丢失的身体部位及年龄特征。结果：男性PBM,前臂（40~）0807±0124g/cm2;腰椎1-4（25~）1005±0138g/cm2;大转子（20~、25~）0801±0094g/cm2,股骨颈（15~、20~、25~）0974±0132 g/cm2,三角区（20~、25~）0904±0110g/cm2。女性PBM,前臂（35~）0723±0107g/cm2;腰椎1-4（25~）0952±0112g/cm2;大转子（25~、30~）0735±0078g/cm2;股骨颈（20~、25~）0863±0092g/cm2;三角区（25~）0794±0089g/cm2。结论：男性PBM高于女性,25~岁PBM出现的部位最多,PBM后,三角区骨量丢失幅度最大,女性大于男性。男性PBM,腰椎1-4>股骨颈>三角区>前臂>大转子,在15~到25~出现,股骨颈、大转子、三角区PBM稳定2~3个年龄段。女性PBM,腰椎1-4>股骨颈>三角区>大转子>前臂,在20~到30~出现,股骨颈、大转子稳定2个年龄段。     

Treatment Method Affects Color,Chemical, and Mineral Composition of Seabream (Sparus aurata) Fish Bone Powder from by-Products of Fish Fillet

ABSTRACT

Seabream fish bone powder was produced using different chemical methods and tap water. The effect of different chemical procedures (sodium hydroxide (NaOH); NaOH + citric acid; NaOH + sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); NaOH + ethanol (EtOH); and NaOH + hydrogen chloride (HCl)) and tap water on proximate composition, yield, mineral composition, color, and sensorial odor was investigated. Despite its high bone powder yield (59.39%), tap water treatment was not an efficient method due to low calcium (Ca²⁺, 232.13 g/kg) and phosphorus (P, 111.63 g/kg) concentration and heavy fish odor. Sensorial odor analysis of seabream fish bone powder showed that tap water received the lowest scores (1.71/5), while chemically treated samples received sensorial odor scores higher than 4.00, with an average of 4.61, indicating that they had a very slight odor. The best fish bone powder yield was obtained using NaOH treatment (21.46%), where Ca²⁺ (276.73 g/kg) and P (147.23 g/kg) content was also high. The utilization of chemicals in combination with NaOH did not increase the sensorial odor score of seabream fish powders but resulted in a decrease in powder yield. Moreover, the mineral composition of all chemical processing techniques was comparable. Processing by-products of seabream fillet production with 8% NaOH will contribute to daily Ca²⁺ and P intake of individuals.     

家禽骨髓内红细胞、白细胞发生的显微和亚显微结构特点

利用光镜和电镜对鹅、鸭和鸡骨髓内红细胞和白细胞发生的显微和亚显微结构进行了研究。结果显示 :鹅骨髓内红细胞系的体积比鸭的略大。光镜下鸭、鹅异嗜性粒细胞 ,在早幼阶段胞质内出现少量圆形颗粒 ;在晚幼阶段出现较多暗红色的圆形、杆状、梭形颗粒。嗜酸性粒细胞在早幼阶段胞质内出现少量着桔红色的圆形颗粒 ;晚幼阶段颗粒多呈杆状 ,胞核轮廓清楚。嗜碱性粒细胞在各阶段胞质内散布紫红色的细小颗粒。电镜下鸡原始红细胞多附着在窦壁上 ,核周隙窄 ,核孔数量较多 ;而成熟红细胞多分布在近血窦中央处 ,核周隙宽 ,核孔数量较少。异嗜性颗粒在早幼阶段可分 A型和 B型。嗜碱性颗粒分为 型和 型 ,它们分别在中幼和晚幼阶段出现。嗜酸性颗粒呈均质的圆形     

Long term studies on bone mineral changes during different lactations in Swedish dairy cattle

Changes in the bone mineral content (BMG) during the first 4 lactations were continuously studied between July 1977 and February 1982 in a total number of 103 dairy cows of different breeds and rearing intensities. The BMG was measured by dichromatic photon absorptiometry in 2 coccygeal vertebrae. Although great individual variations were found, the changes in BMG during the lactation followed a typical pattern with high values during the dry period and low values after calving and during mid-lactation. The influence of body weight on the BMC value is discussed. The changes in BMC were more accentuated during the first lactation, as compared to the subsequent lactations. This could indicate a metabolically more active skeleton in younger cows. In this study no difference in BMC pattern was observed between cows affected or not affected by parturient paresis.     

EX VIVO MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE DISTAL ROW OF EQUINE CARPAL BONES: ASSESSMENT OF BONE SCLEROSIS AND CARTILAGE DAMAGE

The distal row of carpal bones (C2, C3, and C4) from eight left intercarpal joints--four from Standardbred Trotters and four from Swedish Warmblood horses--were used to assess the potential of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to detect cartilage and bone lesions. The joints used in the study were classified by macroscopic and radiographic examinations as having normal, mild, moderate, or severe articular cartilage lesions and bone sclerosis. Those classifications correlated well with the appearance of the MR images. Bone sclerosis in the MR images was observed as regions of decreased signal intensity. Upon quantitative analysis of the MR images there was a significant difference (p < 0.0001) in the MR signal intensity from areas where radiographic bone sclerosis was observed compared to areas of radiographic nonsclerotic bone. In addition, the MR images were used to pilot the location of histology slices through areas of interest that were then examined microscopically; hence, the lesions found from the MR imaging examination were verified microscopically. It was concluded that cartilage lesions and cartilage loss are related to the sclerotic state of the underlying bone. The MR protocols developed in this study were applied on five intact cadaveric carpal joints, and it was concluded that MR imaging could successfully be used in the intact joint to detect minor cartilage and bone lesions not visualized by either radiography or macroscopic examination. Hence, MR imaging can be used to delineate interactions between articular cartilage and subchondral bone over time and in vivo.     

鲶鱼骨酶解物的降血压肽活性研究

以鲶鱼骨蛋白为原料制备ACE抑制肽,采用碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶进行酶解,通过体外检测法测定其抑制率,优选出最佳用酶。通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定了碱性蛋白酶酶用量、pH、酶解温度、酶解时间、底物浓度等因素对ACE活性抑制效果的影响。结果表明:利用碱性蛋白酶水解鲶鱼骨,酶用量为500U/g、pH值8.5、温度为60℃、底物浓度为0.33kg/L、时间6h时酶解液对ACE的抑制活性最强,抑制率为88.36%。通过比较,最佳酶解条件下得到的降血压肽的ACE抑制率要高于降血压药尼莫地平和硝苯地平的ACE抑制率。     

ENLARGING BILATERAL FEMORAL CONDYLAR BONE CYSTS WITHOUT SCINTIGRAPHIC UPTAKE IN A YEARLING FOAL

Bilateral subchondral bone cysts of the femoral condyles were diagnosed by conventional radiography in a 14 month old Appaloosa colt. Surgical debridement was performed, and over the next 18 months the appearance of the cysts was evaluated with radiography and bone scintigraphy. On the preoperative scintigrams, increased radiopharmaceutical uptake was associated with the cysts. Despite continued radiographic enlargement, the cysts did not demonstrate increased radiopharmaceutical uptake post-operatively.     

Postnatal Osteological Development of the Hyoid Bone in the New Zealand White Rabbit

This study augments knowledge of bone growth by observing the development of the hyoid bone in the New Zealand White rabbit. Preserved hyoid bones representing five different age periods, each period including five individuals and the total number of animals being 25, were fixed in 3.5% formaldehyde solution and 95% ethanol, followed by a pure acetone bath. They were then stained with an alcian blue–alizarin red combination. The mode of bone formation was intracartilaginous type ossification. While the basihyoideum and thyrohyoideum were observed to start ossifying first at prenatal stage, indicating that they are the main skeletal structures of the hyoid apparatus, the ceratohyoideum and lingual process began to ossify in the second and third periods. The separately occurring primary ossification centres fused completely among themselves in the fifth period. Because no further ossification centers were observed and the ossified parts continued the development and growth, the research was terminated after 10 weeks of age.