Changes in compact bone microstructure of rats subchronically exposed to cadmium

Background

Chronic exposure to cadmium (Cd), even at low concentrations, has an adverse impact on the skeletal system. Histologically, primary and secondary osteons as basic structural elements of compact bone can also be affected by several toxicants leading to changes in bone vascularization and mechanical properties of the bone. The current study was designed to investigate the effect of subchronic peroral exposure to Cd on femoral bone structure including histomorphometry of the osteons in adult male rats.In our study, 20 one-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two experimental groups. In the first group, young males received a drinking water containing 30 mg of CdCl₂/L, for 90 days. Ten one-month-old males without Cd intoxication served as a control group. After 90 days of daily peroral exposure, body weight, femoral weight, femoral length, cortical bone thickness and histological structure of the femora were analysed.

Results

We found that subchronic peroral application of Cd had no significant effect on body weight, femoral length and cortical bone thickness in adult rats. On the other hand, femoral weight was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in Cd-intoxicated rats. These rats also displayed different microstructure in the middle part of the compact bone where vascular canals expanded into central area of substantia compacta and supplied primary and secondary osteons. Additionally, a few resorption lacunae which are connected with an early stage of osteoporosis were identified in these individuals. Histomorphometrical evaluations showed that all variables (area, perimeter, maximum and minimum diameter) of the primary osteons’ vascular canals, Haversian canals and secondary osteons were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the Cd group rats. This fact points to alterations in bone vascularization.

Conclusions

Subchronic peroral exposure to Cd significantly influences femoral weight and histological structure of compact bone in adult male rats. It induces an early stage of osteoporosis and causes reduced bone vascularization. Histomorphometrical changes of primary and secondary osteons allow for the conclusion that the bone mechanical properties could be weakened in the Cd group rats. The current study significantly expands the knowledge on damaging action of Cd on the bone.     

Three different levels of dietary vitamin D3 fed to first-feeding fry of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): effect on growth, mortality, calcium content and bone formation

Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) fry were reared on a fishmeal-based diet with three different levels of vitamin D₃ (0.2, 5 and 57 mg vitamin D₃ kg^–1 feed, ww) from first-feeding for 14 weeks. No significant differences were recorded in weight, length, specific growth rate, mortality, or kidney calcium concentration between the different dietary groups. No skeletal malformations or histopathological changes were recorded in any of the dietary groups. These results suggest Atlantic salmon fry to be highly tolerant of megadoses of vitamin D₃ over a limited period of time.     

医用骨水泥和人工韧带在犬髋关节脱位治疗中的应用

为了探索人工圆韧带植入术治疗犬髋关节脱位远期疗效降低的解决办法,选择体重6．5 kg～7．5 kg、年龄1岁左右的3只本地家犬,在使用外科丝线替代圆韧带植入髋关节后,使用医用骨水泥填充和封闭髋臼和股骨孔道,术后通过运动姿态观察、负重力测试、常规 X 线摄片、血清生化项目检测和病理剖检几个方面,分析评估人工圆韧带植入术使用医用骨水泥的效果。结果显示,随着犬肢运动状态逐渐改善,术肢负重力增加;但随着丝线断开或出现退行性关节病,术肢运动肢势改变和负重力降低;骨水泥填充、封闭人工圆韧带孔道效果可靠,关节滑液保持良好,血清重要生化指标均在参考范围。在动物试验基础上,选择医用人工韧带植入和将骨水泥用于犬髋关节脱位临床病例1例,经过9个月的动态观察,术肢运动状态、负重力和髋关节 X 线影像与健肢相比无任何异常。动物试验与临床疗效表明,联合使用医用骨水泥和人工韧带能够很好地重建髋关节结构和功能,维持人工圆韧带植入术治疗犬髋关节脱位的远期疗效。     

PREVALENCE OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC SUBCHONDRAL BONE LESIONS IN THE SCAPULOHUMERAL JOINT OF 32 IMMATURE DOGS WITH THORACIC LIMB LAMENESS

Osteochondrosis is a common developmental abnormality affecting the subchondral bone of immature, large breed dogs. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe CT lesions detected in scapulohumeral joints of 32 immature dogs undergoing CT for thoracic limb lameness. Eight dogs (14 scapulohumeral joints) had arthroscopy following imaging. Thirteen dogs (19 scapulohumeral joints) were found to have CT lesions, including 10 dogs (16 scapulohumeral joints) with subchondral bone lesions and 3 dogs with enthesopathy of the supraspinatus tendon. In one dog, subchondral bone lesions appeared as large oval defects within the mid‐aspect of the glenoid cavities, bilaterally. These lesions resembled osseous cyst‐like lesions commonly identified in the horse. This is the first report of such a presentation of a subchondral bone lesion in the glenoid cavity of a dog. In all dogs, small, focal, round or linear lucent defects were visible within the cortical bone at the junction of the greater tubercle and intertubercular groove. These structures were thought to represent vascular channels. Findings from this study support the use of CT as an adjunct modality for the identification and characterization of scapulohumeral subchondral bone lesions in immature dogs with thoracic limb lameness.     

Evaluation of bone marrow aspirates from multiple sites for staging of canine lymphoma and mast cell tumours

This prospective study evaluated the utility of bone marrow aspirates (BMAs) obtained from multiple sites for staging of canine lymphoma (LSA) and mast cell tumours (MCTs). Forty dogs (LSA, n = 24; MCTs, n = 16) were enrolled, but only 33 (82.5%) had diagnostic bone marrow (BM) aspirates obtained from two sites for inclusion in the study. Nineteen dogs with LSA were included, and 6 (31.6%) had BM involvement. Neoplastic lymphocytes were present in BM from both sites in all of these dogs. Fourteen dogs with MCTs were included, and 3 (21.4%) had BM involvement. Neoplastic mast cells were present at both sites in two dogs and at only one site in the third. These results indicate that BMAs from multiple sites may not be needed for accurate staging of canine LSA patients, but more studies evaluating the pattern of BM infiltration in dogs with high‐grade MCTs are warranted.     

藏鸡的有丝分裂观察及染色体核型分析简

试验采用直接骨髓法制备林芝藏鸡染色体,通过显微自动成像系统观察藏鸡细胞有丝分裂全过程,包括间期、早前期、前期、中期、后期和末期,并分析了藏鸡有丝分裂过程染色体的形态变化规律。通过比较有丝分裂各期的形态,结果发现藏鸡有丝分裂的前期染色体伸展最长,碱基暴露最多,适合于做基因定位工作。同时进行了藏鸡染色体的核型分析,数据统计结果发现林芝地区藏鸡染色体数目2n=78,其中前5对染色体和性染色体中有3对中央着丝粒（m）染色体、1对近中着丝粒（sm）染色体、2对端着丝粒（t）染色体。与前人试验结果进行了比较,结果显示存在一定差异,原因仍需进一步试验验证。     

秦川牛腿骨油的脂质组成分析

为了实现畜禽骨副产物的有效利用,本研究采用超声波辅助溶剂浸出法提取秦川牛腿骨油,应用高效液相色谱(HPLC)、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法和基于多维质谱“鸟枪法”脂质组学技术(MDMS-SL)综合分析牛腿骨油的脂质组成,并对牛腿骨油的氧化稳定性、酸价和过氧化值等理化性质以及酚类化合物进行测定。结果表明,秦川牛腿骨油中含有丰富的甘油酯,其中甘油三酯(TAG)含量为93.85%,同时含有少量的甘油二酯(DAG)。在秦川牛腿骨油中共检测出24种脂肪酸,单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为62.85%和2.18%;24种酰基肉碱,总含量为1.18 nmol·g^-1;17种鞘磷脂,总含量为35.36 nmol·g^-1;38种磷脂酰胆碱,总含量为22.16 nmol·g^-1。样品具有较强的氧化稳定性,酸价和过氧化值分别为16.43 mg KOH·g^-1和5.22 mmol·kg^-1,含有α-生育酚、α-三烯酚及γ-三烯酚3种酚类化合物。丰富的TAG、不饱和脂肪酸及鞘磷脂含量使秦川牛腿骨油在促进营养吸收、降血糖血脂及抗炎等方面具有较大的利用潜力。本研究为秦川牛腿骨油相关高附加值产品的开发提供了理论基础。     

武术运动员退役前后骨量丢失的身体部位及年龄特征

应用DXA双能量X射线骨密度仪测量退役前后武术运动员前臂、腰椎和髋部骨量,探讨PBM及骨量丢失的身体部位及年龄特征。结果：男性PBM,前臂（40~）0807±0124g/cm2;腰椎1-4（25~）1005±0138g/cm2;大转子（20~、25~）0801±0094g/cm2,股骨颈（15~、20~、25~）0974±0132 g/cm2,三角区（20~、25~）0904±0110g/cm2。女性PBM,前臂（35~）0723±0107g/cm2;腰椎1-4（25~）0952±0112g/cm2;大转子（25~、30~）0735±0078g/cm2;股骨颈（20~、25~）0863±0092g/cm2;三角区（25~）0794±0089g/cm2。结论：男性PBM高于女性,25~岁PBM出现的部位最多,PBM后,三角区骨量丢失幅度最大,女性大于男性。男性PBM,腰椎1-4>股骨颈>三角区>前臂>大转子,在15~到25~出现,股骨颈、大转子、三角区PBM稳定2~3个年龄段。女性PBM,腰椎1-4>股骨颈>三角区>大转子>前臂,在20~到30~出现,股骨颈、大转子稳定2个年龄段。     

Treatment Method Affects Color,Chemical, and Mineral Composition of Seabream (Sparus aurata) Fish Bone Powder from by-Products of Fish Fillet

ABSTRACT

Seabream fish bone powder was produced using different chemical methods and tap water. The effect of different chemical procedures (sodium hydroxide (NaOH); NaOH + citric acid; NaOH + sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); NaOH + ethanol (EtOH); and NaOH + hydrogen chloride (HCl)) and tap water on proximate composition, yield, mineral composition, color, and sensorial odor was investigated. Despite its high bone powder yield (59.39%), tap water treatment was not an efficient method due to low calcium (Ca²⁺, 232.13 g/kg) and phosphorus (P, 111.63 g/kg) concentration and heavy fish odor. Sensorial odor analysis of seabream fish bone powder showed that tap water received the lowest scores (1.71/5), while chemically treated samples received sensorial odor scores higher than 4.00, with an average of 4.61, indicating that they had a very slight odor. The best fish bone powder yield was obtained using NaOH treatment (21.46%), where Ca²⁺ (276.73 g/kg) and P (147.23 g/kg) content was also high. The utilization of chemicals in combination with NaOH did not increase the sensorial odor score of seabream fish powders but resulted in a decrease in powder yield. Moreover, the mineral composition of all chemical processing techniques was comparable. Processing by-products of seabream fillet production with 8% NaOH will contribute to daily Ca²⁺ and P intake of individuals.