生物炭引起的土体回弹变化：土壤质地和生物炭用量的影响

Biochars are,amongst other available amendment materials,considered as an attractive tool in agriculture for carbon sequestration and improvement of soil functions.The latter is widely discussed as a consequence of improved physical quality of the amended soil.However,the mechanisms for this improvement are still poorly understood.This study investigated the effect of woodchip biochar amendment on micro-structural development,micro-and macro-structural stability,and resilience of two differently textured soils,fine sand (FS) and sandy loam (SL).Test substrates were prepared by adding 50 or 100 g kg-1 biochar to FS or SL.Total porosity and plant available water were significantly increased in both soils.Moreover,compressive strength of the aggregates was significantly decreased when biochar amount was doubled.Mechanical resilience of the aggregates at both micro-and macro-scale was improved in the biochar-amended soils,impacting the cohesion and compressive behavior.A combination of these effects will result in an improved pore structure and aeration.Consequently,the physicochemical environment for plants and microbes is improved.Furthermore,the improved stability properties will result in better capacity of the biochar-amended soil to recover from the myriad of mechanical stresses imposed under arable systems,including vehicle traffic,to the weight of overburden soil.However,it was noted that doubling the amendment rate did not in any case offer any remarkable additional improvement in these properties,suggesting a further need to investigate the optimal amendment rate.     

溶剂强度对农药残留回收率的影响

[目的]为了筛选出合适的过柱溶剂强度。[方法]将溶液中乙腈与水的比例设为60∶30、60∶20和60∶10,用C18小柱(1000mg,6ml)萃取黄瓜样品,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法测定76种农药在0.5mg/kg水平上的添加回收率。[结果]乙腈与水的比例为60∶10的处理在70%～120%、80%～110%和85%～105%的回收率区间内均有良好表现,其农药分布百分率分别为90.78%、80.26%和59.21%。乙腈与水的比例为60∶10处理的农药回收率明显优于60∶30和60∶20处理。[结论]固相萃取小柱的使用缩短了农药残留检测的前处理过程所需要的时间。过柱溶剂强度是影响农药回收率的关键因素。乙腈与水的比例为60∶10的溶剂强度是合适的过柱溶剂强度。     

桑条高产栽培及其制浆造纸研究

为探究桑条高产栽培方式,以湖桑32号为材料研究了肥料用量、栽植密度、基桩年龄及留条数对桑条生物量的影响,结果表明施有机肥30 000 kg/hm2、栽植密度30 000株/hm2的栽培方式下,桑条生物量相对最高。同时为了分析桑条在造纸工业的利用价值,以桑树、毛白杨、沙兰杨、大官杨、泡桐5种树种进行制浆造纸物理强度试验,发现桑条多数物理强度指标表现优异,通过改良化机浆制浆,桑条机浆的理化性质符合国家标准,桑条漂白浆性能优良,该结果可为桑条高产栽培及造纸资源的开发利用奠定基础。     

高强力棉花养分吸收特性初步研究

高强力优质棉在快增期较短的时间内吸收了约60%的养分,其最大吸收量和最大吸收强度低于常规棉,在生育后期,养分吸收量和器官中的百分含量也低于常规棉。在养分向各器官的分配中,高强力优质棉的氮、磷向叶片中分配较多,钾向主茎、分枝分配较多,在养分百分含量上,氮、磷在叶片的含量最高,钾在叶柄中的含量最高,而且氮在营养器官的百分含量随生育期的推进,出现下降趋势。     

Physicochemical properties of the thermal gel of water-washed meat in the presence of the more soluble fraction of porcine sarcoplasmic protein

We investigated the physicochemical properties of the thermal gel of water‐washed pork meat (WWM) in the presence of the soluble fraction of porcine sarcoplasmic protein (SP) obtained with ammonium sulfate at 75 percent saturation. Two precipitated fractions of SP were obtained at 0–50 percent and 50–75 percent saturation, named SP‐f1 and SP‐f2, respectively, and the soluble fraction obtained at 75 percent saturation, SP‐f3, was used. Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that SP‐f3 contained mainly glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), while SP‐f1 and SP‐f2 had other SPs such as phosphorylase b, enolase, actin and phosphoglycerate mutase. The gel strength of WWM was greater when SP‐f3 rather than one of various animal proteins such as bovine plasma (BP), egg white, or whey protein isolates (WPI), was added and SP‐f3 had a gel‐enhancing effect as good as that of polyphosphate (PP). The gel strength of WWM with added SP‐f3 increased significantly with NaCl at 0.15 mol/L or more, but not in the absence of NaCl (0 mol/L). The effect of SP‐f3 was evident at neutral pH and maximum gel strength was obtained at a pH above 6.0. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis showed that an endothermic peak corresponding to myosin heads in WWM shifted to a lower temperature with the addition of SP‐f3, as in the case of PP, though there was no such shift in the presence of other animal proteins (BP, egg white and WPI), suggesting that SP‐f3 increases the gel strength of WWM through the dissociation of actomyosin similar to PP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed wall‐like structures among the protein strands in the WWM gel matrix in the presence of SP‐f3. The results of DSC and SEM indicated that the formation of a gel network in meat products is reinforced with GAPDH in SP after the interaction between GAPDH and myofibrillar protein.     

石粉与减水剂兼容性试验研究

为发挥石粉生态混凝土绿色环保的特点,在满足规范和成本要求的条件下,提高石粉的利用价值,以确定适用减水剂类别。通过在石粉砂浆中应用4种常用的减水剂,研究了其不同减水剂环境下石粉砂浆和凝结时间及抗压强度之间的关系。结果表明:石粉砂浆在不同减水剂环境中凝结时间及抗压强度没有明显区别,进一步为高掺量石粉生态混凝土的应用与发展提供参考。     

40种木本植物水分蒸发所需热能估算与燃烧性分类

在Ｒｏｔｈｅｒｍｅｌ Ｒ．Ｃ．提出的预引燃所需能量方程的基础上,经进一步分析认为,该方程中的水分蒸发所需热能应表示为：Ｑｍ＝Ｍｆ．（３７６．８１２＋５０９．５５９５ｋｉ）．在对４０种木本植物用该方程计算的水分蒸发所需热能的基础上,认为难燃的乔木树各有山桐子、化香、红豆杉、山楂、栾树、榛子和毛白杨,灌木种有胡颓子海棠,其所需热能值〉７６００ｋＪ／ｋｇ。     

Influence of fruit load on dry matter and N-distribution in sweet pepper plants

The influence of fruit load on the leaf characteristics and on the distribution of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L., cv. Cornado) plants was investigated under Mediterranean glasshouse conditions during a winter–spring production cycle (from December till June). DM weight of all organs (roots, stems + petioles, leaves and fruits) and N content were determined throughout the growing cycle over a 3-week interval. The results showed that the cyclic fruit load pattern (production flushes) was associated with strong variations of N-leaf content on an area basis and specific leaf weight, SLW. On a whole plant scale, the value of SLW dramatically decreased (≈30%) with increasing fruit load; the reverse held true as long as the fruit dry weight remained low (<30 g pl⁻¹). The decline in SLW was coincident with a shift in distribution of DM and N in the plant, both preferentially diverted to the fruits. The time evolution of DM and N fractions in organs exhibited periodic fluctuations, with a duration close to the length of a fruit growth cycle (about 70 days, from anthesis to harvest). Linear relationships were found between the fraction of dry mass and N in fruits, and those of the other organs. The slope of these relationships was considered as an indicator of the response and sensitivity of the organ growth to an increase in fruit load. The root dry mass fraction was the most affected by increases in fruit load (slope of −0.75), while the N fraction in roots and in leaves was affected to a similar extent (slope of −0.50 and of −0.40, respectively). We conclude that, in the sweet pepper, the cyclic pattern of fruit load induces opposite cyclic patterns of dry matter and N content in the other aerial organs as well as in the roots, thereby reflecting close shoot–root coordination in the allocation of carbon and nitrogen resources among the organs. Finally, we discuss the possible implications that could derive from these findings for modelling dry matter partitioning in plants subjected to continuous fruit harvesting.     

易溶盐含量对原状非饱和伊犁黄土强度的影响

【目的】研究易溶盐含量和基质吸力对非饱和伊犁黄土强度的影响规律,为伊犁黄土地区工程建设提供参考。【方法】利用水膜转移法将配置好的盐溶液加入原状伊犁黄土土样中,制成3种不同易溶盐含量(5,14,26g/kg)土样,采用非饱和土三轴仪进行3种不同易溶盐含量下控制净围压(100,200,300kPa)和基质吸力(50,100,150kPa)的三轴固结排水剪切试验,测定并分析土样强度的变化规律。【结果】非饱和伊犁黄土的偏应力-轴向应变关系曲线均为硬化型;在相同净围压和基质吸力作用下,易溶盐含量14g/kg非饱和伊犁黄土的强度最高。非饱和伊犁黄土的有效黏聚力随基质吸力的增大而增大,随易溶盐含量的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,易溶盐含量5,14,26g/kg的非饱和伊犁黄土在50,100,150kPa 3种基质吸力下的有效黏聚力分别为21.30,31.50,40.50kPa,33.10,44.80,58.10kPa和19.70,28.30,36.70kPa。有效内摩擦角随基质吸力的增大基本不变;随易溶盐含量的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,分别为23.33°,22.35°,23.76°。随着易溶盐含量的增加吸力摩擦角分别为10.76°,14.04°,9.65°,呈先增大后减小的趋势,且增减速率相同。【结论】基于Barcelona模型建立的非饱和伊犁黄土弹塑性模型的剪切屈服面方程,具有可以考虑易溶盐含量和基质吸力两个因素耦合变化的优点,适用于易溶盐含量较高的伊犁黄土。     

污泥电渗透脱水后热干燥过程中粘壁特性研究

采用电渗透脱水技术作为污泥热干燥的前处理技术,考察了电渗透脱水后污泥含水率以及干燥方式对热干燥过程中污泥粘壁特性的影响.结果表明,电渗透脱水技术有效降低了污泥的粘壁强度.当采用间接干燥时,电渗透脱水后阴阳两极的污泥粘壁强度分别降低了64.5％和92.0％;而采用直接干燥时,电渗透脱水后阴阳两极的污泥粘壁强度则分别降低了69.2％和92.0％.电渗透脱水后,污泥含水率是影响污泥粘壁强度的重要因素之一.污泥电渗透脱水之后,阴极的污泥粘壁强度先随含水率的降低逐渐增大,当污泥含水率降至60％时,污泥的粘壁强度达到最大,之后反而开始减小;而阳极的污泥粘壁强度却接近0.相比间接干燥方式,电渗透脱水后直接干燥方式可降低污泥的粘壁强度.直接干燥方式下,阴极的污泥粘壁强度约为间接干燥下的0.87倍;而阳极的污泥粘壁强度接近0.