Pest-damage relationships for Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on soybean (Glycine max) and dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) during pod-fill

The response of soybean (Glycine max) and dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to feeding by Helicoverpa armigera during the pod-fill stage was studied in irrigated field cages over three seasons to determine the relationship between larval density and yield loss, and to develop economic injury levels. H. armigera intensity was calculated in Helicoverpa injury equivalent (HIE) units, where 1 HIE was the consumption of one larva from the start of the infestation period to pupation. In the dry bean experiment, yield loss occurred at a rate 6.00 ± 1.29 g/HIE while the rates of loss in the three soybean experiments were 4.39 ± 0.96 g/HIE, 3.70 ± 1.21 g/HIE and 2.12 ± 0.71 g/HIE. These three slopes were not statistically different (P > 0.05) and the pooled estimate of the rate of yield loss was 3.21 ± 0.55 g/HIE. The first soybean experiment also showed a split-line form of damage curve with a rate of yield loss of 26.27 ± 2.92 g/HIE beyond 8.0 HIE and a rapid decline to zero yield. In dry bean, H. armigera feeding reduced total and undamaged pod numbers by 4.10 ± 1.18 pods/HIE and 12.88 ± 1.57 pods/HIE respectively, while undamaged seed numbers were reduced by 35.64 ± 7.25 seeds/HIE. In soybean, total pod numbers were not affected by H. armigera infestation (out to 8.23 HIE in Experiment 1) but seed numbers (in Experiments 1 and 2) and the number of seeds/pod (in all experiments) were adversely affected. Seed size increased with increases in H. armigera density in two of the three soybean experiments, indicating plant compensatory responses to H. armigera feeding. Analysis of canopy pod profiles indicated that loss of pods occurred from the top of the plant downwards, but with an increase in pod numbers close to the ground at higher pest densities as the plant attempted to compensate for damage. Based on these results, the economic injury levels for H. armigera on dry bean and soybean are approximately 0.74 HIE and 2.31 HIE/m², respectively (0.67 and 2.1 HIE/row-m for 91 cm rows).     

防治棉铃虫药剂田间筛选试验研究

1997、1998年在二代棉铃虫自然严重发生条件下，选用8种药剂及其混用处理，分别于卵高峰期和低龄幼虫期进行田间药效试验。结果表明，在当代卵高峰期施药1次，Bt与甲久乳油及水胺硫磷混用防效较好；在卵孵化高峰期施药，以硫丹和胺西菊酯防效较好，其次为快杀灵、乐斯本和丙溴磷。     

杀虫混剂MA—95防治第四代棉铃虫药效试验

用一种新的杀虫混剂ＭＡ－９５防治第四代棉铃虫，１５００ｍＬ／ｈｍ＾２常量喷雾，药后５ｄ校正防效９５．９６％，较灭铃皇为优，且具有较好的杀卵效果。实际防治成本较灭铃皇低三分之一至二分之一。鉴于混剂ＭＡ－９５中有效成分独特的作用机理，预期对缓解棉铃虫的抗药性也有重要意义。     

北疆棉铃虫自然种群生命表的初步研究

采用作用因子构建了北疆棉铃虫自然种群生命表,并对棉铃虫种群生命表进行了研究和讨论。结果表明：由于棉田捕食性天敌的大量发生,北疆棉铃虫2代的3、4龄是关键虫期;另外, 2007年2代6龄发生期大量降雨,气温很低,空气潮湿,不利于棉铃虫幼虫的发育生长,同时茧蜂和寄蝇等寄生性天敌也大量发生,因此6龄也是关键虫期。棉铃虫3代的低龄期,由于棉田捕食性天敌草蛉、瓢虫、蜘蛛、食虫蝽的大量发生,卵至1龄为关键虫期。同时这段时期大量降雨,气温降低也不利于棉铃虫幼虫的生长。     

望江县棉花棉铃虫暴发因子分析及防治对策

通过30a的系统调查表明,望江县以四代棉铃虫为主害代,棉铃虫各代次发生程度的主控因子不同,棉铃虫对常用农药表现出明显的抗性,保铃棉32B对各代棉铃虫均表现出良好抗性。对棉铃虫暴发因子进行了探析,认为棉铃虫近几年处于活跃期,旱地种植结构调整、梅天雨日雨量少、棉花生育期提早是棉铃虫暴发的主要原因。并从农业防治、推广抗虫品种、改进化防技术等方面提出了防治对策。     

苏云金杆菌乳剂防治二代棉铃虫保护天敌控制伏蚜的研究

在二代棉铃虫Heliothis armigera卵高峰期,一般年份用200倍,大发生年份用100倍苏云金杆菌(B.t.)乳剂喷雾防治效果达75%以上,可将虫口密度压低到经济损失允许水平以下。防治后调查生防田主要捕食性昆虫天敌比化防田高3倍左右,对伏蚜有较好的控制作用。伏蚜高峰期主要捕食性天敌与伏蚜之比,维持在1:200以上水平,可将防治伏蚜时间推迟10—15天,减少防治1—2次。     

利用Bt预处理缓解不同龄期棉铃虫的抗药性

用一定剂量的Ｂｔ制剂处理不同种群,不同发育期的棉铃虫、２４ｈ后测定它们对氰戊菊酯的反应。结果表明,不管是抗性种群还是敏感种群,棉铃虫经Ｂｔ预处理后与未处理对照相比,都表现为２－４龄幼虫的敏感性明显提高,而卵,初卵、１龄末幼虫敏感性变化不明显,ＤＥ－Ｒ种群敏感性变化幅度〉９６ＨＮ－Ｒ种群〉ＹＺ－Ｓ种群;以ＹＺ－Ｓ为第三偌线比较９６ＨＮ－Ｒ种群和ＤＥ－Ｒ种群的抗性倍数变化,发现卵和１龄幼虫经Ｂｔ预自理     

棉铃虫多代连续取食转基因抗虫棉的抗性演变

1997－1999年,用含45％Bt CPT1双抗基因棉半人工饲料饲喂棉铃虫幼虫5．5天,连续16代汰选。结果：幼虫校正死亡率由79．18％下降到49．36％;其体长达取食45％泗棉3号半人工饲料幼虫平均体长,由第一代的0上升到第16代的23．32％;幼虫体长、体重增长速率由第一代负增长分别上升为55．29％和366．67％。表明棉铃虫幼虫经取食转基因抗虫棉连续16代,其中肠对抗虫棉已产生一定的亲和性及适宜性,进入早期抗性阶段。