尖紫蛤体质量和海水温度对其耗氧率和排氨率的影响

采用室内实验生态学方法对尖紫蛤的耗氧率和排氨率进行了研究.结果表明,在16 ～ 32℃时,尖紫蛤的耗氧率和排氨率与体质量呈负相关的幂函数关系,可分别表示为OR=aW-b和NR=cW-b,其中b的取值范围为0.488 ～0.874,平均值为0.620;a的取值范围为0.362 ～1.371;d的取值范围为0.454 ～0.747,平均值为0.591;c的取值范围为44.678 ～121.158.在16～32℃时,尖紫蛤的耗氧率和温度之间的关系可以用指数函数OR =c1ed1T表示,耗氧率随着温度的升高而增加,在32℃时达到峰值,当温度超过32℃时,耗氧率下降.在16 ～36℃时,尖紫蛤的排氨率和温度之间的关系可以用二次多项式NR=-c2 +d2T-d3T2表示,在28℃时排氨率达到峰值.尖紫蛤呼吸Q10值的范围为0.547～3.660,排泄Q10值的范围为0.235～2.515,水温对耗氧率和排氨率的影响均显著.尖紫蛤的呼吸氧原子数与排出的氨态氮原子之比O∶N值的范围为4.312 ～21.874,各种规格的尖紫蛤O∶N随温度的升高而升高.     

代谢异速生长理论及其在微生物生态学领域的应用

新陈代谢是生物的基本生理过程,影响生物在不同环境中参与物质循环和能量转化的过程.代谢速率作为生物体重要的生命过程指标,几乎影响所有的生物活性速率,且在很多研究中均表现出异速生长现象.所谓代谢异速是指生物体代谢速率与其个体大小(或质量)之间存在的幂函数关系.代谢异速生长理论的提出,从机制模型角度解释了代谢异速关系这一普遍存在的生命现象.该理论利用分形几何学及流体动力学等原理,从生物能量学角度阐释了异速生长规律的机理,证实了3/4权度指数的存在;但同时有研究表明,权度指数因环境因素等影响处于2/3-1范围之间而非定值.随着研究工作的深入,代谢异速生长理论研究从起初的宏观动植物领域拓展到了微生物领域,在研究微生物的代谢异速生长理论时,可将微生物的可操作分类单元(Operational taxonomic unit,OTU)或具有特定功能的功能群视为一个微生物个体,基于其遗传多样性和功能多样性特征进行表征,以便于将微生物群落多样性与其生态功能性联系起来,使该理论在微生物生态学领域得到有效的补充和完善.尽管细菌具有独特的生物学特性,但与宏观生物系统中观测到的现象表现出明显的一致性.有研究表明,3个农田土壤细菌基于遗传多样性的OTU数的平均周转率分别为0.71、0.80和0.84,介于2/3与1之间,可能与生物代谢异速指数有一定关联,为微生物代谢异速指数的研究提出了一个参考解决方案.鉴于微生物个体特征和生物学特性,在分析代谢速率与个体大小关系中,从微生物单位个体的定义、个体大小表征到计量单位的统一,仍需更多的理论支持.分析了代谢异速生长理论在微生物与生态系统功能关系研究中的可能应用,延伸了该理论的应用范围,并对尚待加强的研究问题进行了评述和展望.     

赤霉素、水杨酸、柠檬酸和蔗糖对灰毛黄栌叶色变化的影响

 2011 年秋,选取长势一致的4 年生灰毛黄栌（Cotinus coggygria var. cinerea Engl.）组培苗, 喷施不同浓度的赤霉素（GA3）、水杨酸、柠檬酸和蔗糖水溶液,研究其对叶色的影响。结果表明,使用 浓度为0.01 mmol · L-1 的赤霉素处理可以推迟灰毛黄栌的落叶期,从而使叶片观赏期平均延后5 d;用浓 度为0.5 mmol · L-1 的水杨酸处理,会使叶片观赏期平均推迟7 d,而浓度为1.0 mmol · L-1 的水杨酸处理, 叶片的观赏期平均提前了3 d;喷施4.8 mmol · L-1 的柠檬酸和200.0 mmol · L-1 的蔗糖溶液,都能显著提高 灰毛黄栌叶片中花青素的相对含量,使叶片更红,并且使叶片的观赏期分别提前了6 d 和9 d。     

网箱养鳝水体适宜水生植物的筛选

从经济价值、对水深的适应性及植株扩展度3个方面对长江流域适宜种植的23种水生植物进行了筛选．认为菜用睡莲（咖n加aeaspp．）、蕹菜（昂0埘0eaaquatiea）、菱角（Trapaspp．）及芡实（Euryaleferox）4种水生经济植物比较适合于网箱养蟮水体种植,并提出了相应的栽培技术要点。     

Quality of Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) Jam

ABSTRACT

Jam from wild bilberries and from the blueberry culti vars ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Berkeley’ were analyzed by means of sensory profiling and by instrumental measurement of anthocyanins, color, pH and soluble solids. The study shows that bilberry jam has more “bluish black color,” compared to a more “reddish-blue color” and “glossy” surface of the jam from cultivated blueberries. Bilberry jam was less “smooth” and higher in “viscosity” and “berry density” as well as less distinct in “flavor of flowers and fruits,” while the “blueberry flavor and odor” were more distinct in the bilberry jam than that made of highbush blueberries. Analysis of color by means of sensory hue and instrumental a Hunter lab corresponded well, as did saturation measured by the sensory method and chroma instrumentally measured.     

基于RNA-seq技术挖掘鹌鹑羽色自别雌雄相关基因

鹌鹑的羽色自别雌雄现象是由性染色体上的基因决定的,但具体的分子机制未知.本研究以北京白羽公鹌鹑和朝鲜栗羽母鹌鹑为研究对象,利用RNA-seq技术分析了F1公鹑和F1母鹑胚胎期第10天皮肤组织样品的转录组,以筛选调控鹌鹑羽色自别雌雄的关键基因,并利用qRT-PCR技术进行验证.结果表明:RNA-Seq共得到38.94 G...     

利用SLAF-seq结合BSA方法发掘大豆种皮色相关基因

种皮色不仅是一个形态标记,还是一种重要的进化性状,与大豆商品性、营养价值以及抗性关系密切。本研究以黄色种皮大豆品系BMY及其褐色种皮衍生品系BMZ为亲本,从F2群体中分别挑选出黄色种皮和褐色种皮的植株各9株,构建了两个极端性状混合池DNA文库,借助SLAF-seq和BSA技术,挖掘大豆种皮色性状相关候选基因。对于26121个高质量SNP位点,利用SNP-index方法和ED方法进行综合分析,获得8个与目标性状紧密关联的候选区域,分别位于第5、11、12、19和20染色体,包含620个编码基因。对这620个基因进行进一步的功能注释,NR、Swiss-Prot、GO、KEGG和COG数据库分别注释到600、518、533、133和256个基因,其中存在非同义突变基因4个,分别为Glyma05g005600、Glyma05g009700、Glyma12g006100和Glyma12g047300。候选区域内编码基因的深度注释有助于功能基因的进一步分离,为大豆种皮色性状相关基因的精细定位及克隆提供理论依据。     

Effects of White Clover Inclusion on Turf Characteristics,Nitrogen Fixation,and Nitrogen Transfer from White Clover to Grass Species in Turf Mixtures

Abstract

An irrigated field trial was conducted to test the effects of white clover in three turfgrass species (perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and creeping bentgrass) on color, clipping yield, and botanical composition and to estimate nitrogen (N)₂ fixation and N transfer from white clover to associated turfgrass species under different N‐fertilization conditions in 1999–2002.

Nitrogen fertilizers significantly increased color ratings in all observations. Grass–white clover mixtures had better color ratings than pure grass at all sampling dates and seasonal averages in unfertilized conditions. Fertilized pure grass plots yielded significantly more than control plots in all turfgrass species. Nitrogen fertilization did not affect clipping yield greatly in turfgrass–white clover mixtures. Nitrogen application significantly decreased white clover percentage in the harvested clippings in second and third year.

Nitrogen fertilization increased tissue N concentration positively in all turfgrass species grown alone. In contrast, N fertilization did not greatly affect tissue N concentration of either turfgrass species or white clover in the mixtures. Nitrogen fixation of white clover was estimated as 24.6, 30.7, and 33.8 g m^?2 year^?1 in perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and creeping bentgrass, respectively. The total estimated N₂ fixation gradually decreased with increasing N fertilization. Nitrogen transfer from white clover to the associated turfgrass varied from 4.2 to 13.7% of the total N that the white clover fixed annually.     

Use of Chromameter‐Measured Color Parameters in Estimating Color‐Related Soil Variables

Abstract

Soil color is a soil property that may be used as an interpreting index in estimating processes and properties. Quantifying color allows one to obtain information for rapidly estimating the related processes in soils. CIELAB color parameters L*, a*, and b* of ground (air‐dried and sieved) soil samples and aggregate surfaces of four soil profiles formed in calcareous colluviums in northern Turkey were analyzed. Values of color parameters measured in ground and intact soils were compared and related to soil properties by the regression technique. Results revealed that the L* value obtained with a ground soil sample was a significant predictor of organic matter in A horizons (p < 0.001). Although calcic horizons yielded the highest L* values, no significant relationship was obtained between calcium carbonate contents and lightness of soils in any of horizons studied. The parameters of b* could adequately be used to quantify dithionite‐extractable iron oxide contents in soils studied. The results further showed that the CIELAB color parameters obtained with ground samples were more informative than that of aggrevated samples in relating color parameters to soil properties.     

基于计算机视觉的大菱鲆对背景色选择习性研究

为了探讨大菱鲆幼鱼对于不同背景色的选择习性,该文首先通过9格颜色试验发现大菱鲆幼鱼偏好淡紫色,而出现在黑色和红色背景累积频率较低;同时通过计算机视觉分析发现,幼鱼在黑色和红色背景下体表明度变化速率远比在紫色和粉色背景下剧烈,证明了黑色和红色背景对幼鱼胁迫更大,其需要调动更多激素来调整生理响应,以改变体色适应新的背景环境。因此建议养殖池的颜色尽量采用浅色,不要使用黑色等深色作为养殖背景颜色,研究结果可为养殖系统设计和生产管理提供参考依据。