不同收入农民公共基础设施需求比较研究——对安化县的调查

以湖南省安化县为例,采用实证研究的方法对不同收入农民公共基础设施需求进行了横向与纵向的比较,分析了不同收入农民对公共基础设施需求存在差别的原因,并提出了相应的对策,以便于政府结合财政能力与农民的实际需要确定公共基础设施的供给,使农村公共基础设施达到最优的供给。     

信阳农村基础设施建设存在的问题及对策

农村基础设施建设是社会主义新农村建设的基础,农村基础设施建设要因地制宜、统筹兼顾、以人为本,要体现资源节约、环境优美、人与自然和谐的原则。     

农产品流通基础设施对农业生产影响的机理

分析了农产品流通基础设施对农业生产的影响机理,认为农产品流通基础设施具有克服农产品交易的空间和时间障碍,以使农产品价值顺利实现的功能;农产品流通基础设施影响着农产品交易主体的交易能力,以及农产品交易效率;文章最后给出了完善农产品流通基础设施的建议.     

The Farmland and Rural Improvement Project budget under the Agriculture Basic Law in Japan

The Farmland and Rural Improvement Project (FRIP) system met socioeconomic needs during the time the Agriculture Basic Law (ABL) was in effect. Four hundred and forty publications and revisions of project execution guidelines between fiscal years (FY) 1960 and 1995 addressed the need to modify the FRIP systems. From the viewpoint of budgets, the budget share of the Farmland Improvement Project (FIP) in annual national public works budgets decreased in close correlation with percentages of gross agricultural product in gross domestic product (GDP). The Rural Improvement Project (RIP) share, however, increased during the same time period, in close correlation with percentages of non-farmers living in rural villages. Consequently, there was little change in the FRIP budget share. These changes in FRIP budget structure brought a certain level of FIP investment per hectare, with no increase since FY 1980. In addition, the RIP investment played a role in narrowing the gap in the living infrastructure investment per capita between urban and rural areas.     

森林公园旅游设施建设中生态气候的变化

对杭州小和山森林公园内不同下垫面性质的旅游设施点（如木屋、蒙古包、湖边沙滩和跑马场等）和林地进行多次温度、湿度、风和日照等生态气候要素的实际观测，分析这些要素在改变了原林地下垫面性质后的变化特点，并用方差分析法检验变化的显著性程度以及对旅游者舒适度的影响。分析结果表明，在初夏季节，各旅游设施点与林地相比，地温和气温都有明显提高，其中地温提高最为显著；空气湿度降低，日照增加，风速接近林地。林地和旅游设施点的舒适度指数相关1级，林地为6级，人们普遍感觉舒适；各旅游设施点为7级，暖，大部分感觉舒适。进入盛夏，天气转热，温度、湿度和舒适度的变化更加显著。表6参4     

Allergenic pollen of ornamental plane trees in a Mediterranean environment and urban planning as a prevention tool

Green spaces and urban green infrastructure are new concepts in urban planning, and lately, the influence of green spaces in cities and how this presence affects local climate change have been taken into account. Moreover, some of the ornamental trees most used in cities provoke allergic symptoms in sensitized people. Due to the importance the plane trees in our parks and cities have as ornamental trees, this article assesses the urban Platanus airborne pollen concentration in the air of five cities of the SW Iberian Peninsula and tries to determine the differential factors that its distribution has by means of combining continuous monitoring of the air using volumetric spore traps and the geolocation of plane trees. They were counted separately according to the direction (Q1 NE, Q2 SE, Q3 SW, Q4 NW) around the spore trap location in circles of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 m in diameter. Pollen sums were distributed according to the predominant wind direction for each day. The highest concentrations for Platanus pollen were recorded in Don Benito. Differences amongst pollen stations were found and were mainly related to their degree of maturity and their proximity to spore traps, and finally, with the number of plane trees. Furthermore, other factors, as the pruning, which is different in each city and even in a more local way, affects pollination and is frequently unknown to aerobiological studies. The geolocation of ornamental trees can be a useful tool for providing summarized information about their behavioral differences amongst cities, which can be used to create healthy itineraries, minimizing the natural hazards in human health (allergic diseases) and could be implemented into a model to help policy-makers to create measures to improve green urban development.     

融合MCR模型的绿色基础设施适宜性评价——以上海市青浦区练塘镇为例

长三角一体化的战略背景下,针对长三角一体化前沿城镇的绿色基础设施适宜性评价,有助于协调城镇发展和生态环境保护之间的矛盾,优化城镇生态格局。通过MCR模型,可将景观连通性因子融入到适宜性评价体系中,在绿色基础设施适宜性评价中考虑景观连通性,对优化景观生态格局具有重要意义。以长三角一体化前沿城镇上海市青浦区练塘镇为例,基于ArcGIS、Linkage Mapper等软件平台,综合景观连通性、生态敏感性等因子,对练塘镇绿色基础设施的适宜性进行定量评价。结果表明,练塘镇绿色基础设施适宜性呈现外围较高、中心较低的特点,最适宜用地占比为11.63%、较适宜用地占比为19.62%、中等适宜用地占比为25.02%、低适宜用地占比为27.44%、不适宜用地占比为16.29%。适宜以太浦河、大蒸港沿岸林地等作为绿色基础设施核心区,朱枫公路沿线、泖阳港沿岸等地作为绿色基础设施连接廊道,构建绿色基础设施网络。研究结果可为长三角一体化前沿城镇的生态规划管理提供决策支持,并为类似区位的绿色基础设施构建提供一定的思路借鉴。     

Energy wood resources availability and delivery cost in Northwest Russia

Availability of solid by-products from wood harvesting and mechanical wood processing was estimated as sources for energy production based on recent actual harvesting, sawmill, and plywood production in Northwest Russia at 30 million m³. Nearly 70% of the energy wood, 20 million m³, was from harvesting, consisting of non-industrial round wood, unused branches and tops, defective wood resulting from logging, and spruce stumps removed after final felling. Over 30%, 10 million m³, of the available volume was from sawmills and plywood mills, i.e. wood chips, sawdust, and bark. Due to current low utilization of energy wood for bioenergy in Northwest Russia, delivery cost of energy wood to the potential border-crossing points in Finland was analyzed for three means of transport: railways, roadways, and waterways. Nearly 28 million m³ of the energy wood could be transported by railways and 2 million m³ by roadways and waterways. The costs were lowest by roadways from the nearby border areas (10–15 €/m³ for wood processing by-products and 16–22 €/m³ for forest chips). The costs by railways varied from 12 to 27 €/m³ on shorter distances to 47–58 €/m³ on longer distances. Waterway transportation was the most expensive, about 28–48 €/m³. It should be emphasized that we have estimated availability and delivery costs of energy wood, not prices which are defined by the market based on supply and demand.     

国家农作物种质资源平台服务绩效评价体系构建

【目的】国家农作物种质资源平台在“十二五”期间转为全面运行服务阶段,建立有效的平台服务绩效评价体系对服务效果定量评价,便于上级主管部门根据平台实现服务职能情况,确定资金的分配,保证平台更好地运转,提高平台服务效果。【方法】从国家农作物种质资源平台实际出发,在分析影响平台服务效果相关因素的基础上,按照评价指标科学性、全面性、系统性和持续性的原则,基于层次分析法构建了多维多指标的平台服务绩效评价体系。首先参考国家科技基础条件平台中心绩效考核指标,对评价指标重新分类、整合,按照影响平台服务效果的因素将评价指标分为不同维度,每一维度下又分成不同级别的评价指标。然后对经典的层次分析法进行改进,采取专家打分、归一化处理等步骤确定各级评价指标的相对权重,并将各级评价指标的相对权重相乘,得到评价指标的实际权重。最后对各级评价指标加权计算,得到平台服务效果整体评价值和某一维度下的评价值。【结果】使用该方法对国家农作物种质资源平台“十二五”期间的运行服务数据定量分析,试验结果如下：（1）平台“十二五”期间整体运行服务效果良好且稳定增长。（2）平台资源整合数量持续增加,但资源整合增速缓慢,资源鉴定评价和繁殖更新数目较少。（3）平台运行管理服务规范,但多年很少变化。（4）服务成效增速显著,资源服务量和信息服务量已达到一定规模,技术推广等服务力度不够。（5）服务用户群体比较稳定,服务企业用户比率增加。（6）平台未来服务潜力提高很大。（7）科技支撑服务和典型服务数量增速明显,但具体服务数量仍很有限。未来应进一步整合资源,加快资源鉴定评价和繁殖更新工作,满足用户多样化的需求,提高平台服务深度;加强平台基础设施建设,完善平台运行管理体制,使平台服务人员更加专业化,提高平台服务效率;服务重点应继续放在企业和个人用户方面,提升创新能力,提高平台服务广度;重视平台服务对高水平科研的支撑作用,规范专题服务流程,进一步提高平台服务质量。【结论】该多维多指标的绩效服务评价体系可对服务效果全方位评价,评价指标体现了服务深度、服务效率、服务广度、服务质量及服务潜力等方面。     

Citizens’ perception of and satisfaction with urban forests and green space: Results from selected Southeast European cities

In this paper the results of the first comprehensive study on perception of and satisfaction with urban forests and green space in seven Southeast European cities are presented. The aims of the paper are to analyse 1) citizen perceptions of the current state of urban forests and green space in their cities, 2) to what extent current urban forests and green space meet their needs and how this can be improved. A cross-sectional study was conducted by using a common face-to-face survey questionnaire. Respondents were selected based on census data though a stratified sampling procedure by taking into account age, gender and city district (n = 384 in each city). The results showed that citizens genuinely care for urban forests and green space in their cities, but are not satisfied with their current state. The respondents found issues related to misbehaviour of other users, the presence and quality of facilities, as well as the presence and quality of management or maintenance the most pressing. There were more statistically significant differences than similarities between cities. Socioeconomic variables explained perceptions only to some extent. Citizens were very supportive of educational campaigns about the importance of urban forests and green space as well as of better enforcement of the existing regulations though having more community wardens that were expected to tackle current unsatisfactory situations. Urban planning and urban forest and green space management in these cities are facing many problems characteristic for post-socialist countries. Study findings are expected to contribute to decision making in urban planning and natural resource management.