不同抗生素检测方法检测乳清粉样品结果差异性分析

乳清粉是婴幼儿配方乳粉行业的主要原料之一,对其进行抗生素检测是原料验收的重要参考指标。本研究针对8个批次乳清粉原料,采用4种不同的抗生素检测方法进行了抗生素检测,包括国标法1、国标法2、利普斯50抗生素检测试剂盒法、Charm MRL酶联免疫试剂盒法。不同方法的检测结果存在很大差异,其中国标法1和酶联免疫试剂盒法获得了相同的结果,8个样品均为抗生素阴性。而国标法2及依据此法开发的快速检测试剂盒利普斯50检测则分别显示全阳性和部分阳性的矛盾结果。从上述结果可见,依据国标法2通过嗜热芽孢杆菌检测乳清粉产品抗生素,其结果稳定性欠佳,影响其检测结果可靠性的因素还有待进一步研究。     

近红外反射光谱(NIRS)技术分析奶粉品质的研究

奶粉中蛋白质和脂肪是影响奶粉营养品质的主要因素,利用近红外反射光谱分析技术对来自国内不同地区的奶粉共900份样品进行蛋白质和脂肪成分测定分析。研究了不同的样品数日、光谱预处理和散射校正技术对发展奶粉近红外测定定标模型的影响。结果表明．在样品数目为200—400范围内建立的定标分析模型较理想;数学预处理中以一阶导数较好,且以“1,4,4,1”的处理组合最为理想;光谱散射校正中采用“标准正态变量转换(SNV) 趋势变换法(De—trending)”的组合建立回归方程效果较好。利用改进最小二乘法回归技术(Modified PLS)建立多种定标模型,并进行交叉验证(cross—Validation)来分析各种因素对定标模型的影响。同时筛选出较理想的蛋白质和脂肪定标分析回归方程,其中蛋白质和脂肪含量的相关系数高速0．973和0．850。探讨了NIRS技术在建模应用中的一些影响因素,以及由NIRS技术建立奶粉分析模型用于快速分析和在线检测的可行性。     

补饲对湘东黑山羊血液生化指标的影响

采用32只3～4月龄的湘东黑山羊,研究三种不同补饲水平对其血液生化指标的影响.设1个对照组与3个试验组,试验组平均补饲量依次按100 g/d、200 g/d、300 g/d.结果表明:肥育羔羊的血清尿素氮、钙、无机磷与总蛋白含量在各组间的变化范围依次是:19.77 mg/dL～20.98 mg/dL、8.28 mg/dL～10.52 mg/dL、4.14 mg/dL～4.80 mg/dL、72.53 g/L～81.33 g/L.     

不同工艺条件对青海传统蒙古奶茶品质的影响

为优化青海传统蒙古奶茶加工工艺,提高其口感质量,以青砖茶、鲜牛乳为主要原料,赤砂糖和食盐为辅料,探究浸提料水比、浸提温度、浸提时间及牛乳、赤砂糖、食盐的添加比例对青海传统蒙古奶茶品质的影响。采用单因素试验、Plackeet-Burman(PB)试验设计、Box-Behnken试验设计,通过感官评定、茶多酚含量及稳定性分析得到蒙古奶茶的三个显著性因素,最佳工艺条件为:浸提时间90min,糖6%,盐0.4%。该配方下蒙古奶茶呈浅棕色液体,无分层,口感最佳,营养成分指标为:茶多酚330.27mg/kg,蛋白质0.69%,可溶性固形物14.7%,沉淀率3.24%,稳定系数0.905。此蒙古奶茶制备工艺可为该青海传统乳制品的工业化生产提供参考依据。     

Effect of retinoic acid on gene expression profiles of bovine intramuscular preadipocytes during adipogenesis

To investigate genes involved in intramuscular adipogenesis in ruminants, 16 genes with dramatic variable expression were selected. These were selected from the differentiation‐ and proliferation‐phase libraries of our previous serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) studies of a clonal bovine intramuscular preadipocyte (BIP) cell line. We harvested the BIP cells over 12 days after adipogenic stimulation with all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Quantitative real‐time PCR confirmed the earlier SAGE study results of the expression patterns of 15 of the genes. On day 6, TG accumulation increased significantly in the BIP cells but was completely inhibited in the 3T3‐L1 cells (the monogastric reference). ATRA enhanced expression levels of six genes whereas it suppressed expression of eight genes on day 3 of adipogenesis in the BIP cells. Forty‐eight hours after transfection, the messenger RNA expression level of the adipose differentiation‐related protein (ADFP), encoded by one of the upregulated genes, in the ADFP small interference RNA (siRNA)‐transfected cells was 3.5% of that in negative control‐transfected cells. Also, 6 days after induction the TG level in the ADFP siRNA‐transfected cells was 21.8% lower than that in negative control‐transfected cells. This analysis of gene expression profiles after ATRA treatment will contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in bovine intramuscular adipogenesis.     

茶多酚的抗氧化作用及其机制

茶多酚(TP)是一种从绿茶和红茶中提取的纯天然复合物,具有清除自由基、防止DNA受损、调节细胞内抗氧化防御系统及抗癌等生物学功能。本文系统地对TP的组成成分、抗氧化作用、对丝裂原活化蛋白激酶-核因子酶2相关因子2-抗氧化反应原件(MAPK-Nrf2-ARE)信号转导通路的调控及其相关机制进行综述。     

Green tea polyphenols supplementation alters immunometabolism and oxidative stress in dairy cows with hyperketonemia

Peripartal cows often experience negative energy balance, and are therefore prone to suffering from metabolic diseases such as hyperketonemia, which causes financial losses in dairy farms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of green tea polyphenol (GTP) supplementation during the periparturient period on production performance, oxidative stress and immunometabolism in dairy cows with hyperketonemia. One hundred Holstein cows were assigned to GTP (0.2 g/kg DM; n = 50) or control (without GTP; n = 50) group based on body weight, previous milk yield, and parity on d 15 before expected parturition. Subsequently, 10 cows with hyperketonemia were selected from each group, according to blood β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) concentration between 1.2 and 2.9 mmol/L from 2 to 3 d postpartum. All cows were fed a close-up diet and a lactation diet with or without GTP supply from 15 d prepartum until 30 d postpartum. Milk and blood samples were obtained from 20 cows selected with hyperketonemia on 10, 20, and 30 d postpartum. Compared with control cows, greater milk yield and lower somatic cell count were observed in GTP cows. The GTP group had lower concentrations of BHBA, free fatty acids, cholesterol, triglyceride, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide, greater concentrations of glucose, lower activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and glutamyl transpeptidase, alongside greater activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity. Additionally, GTP supplementation up-regulated concentrations of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, but down-regulated concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-2, interleukin-8, and interferon-γ in plasma. Greater concentrations of plasma immunoglobulin G were also detected in the GTP group. Overall, the data suggested that GTP supplementation from 15 d prepartum to 30 d postpartum improved the milk yield and health status in cows with hyperketonemia during early lactation.     

岷县黑裘皮羊肾组织成纤维细胞系的建立及其生物学特性研究

采集岷县黑裘皮羊肾组织,用胰蛋白酶热消化法制备原代细胞,通过差速消化和差速贴壁法进行继代培养和细胞纯化,并对复苏细胞的形态、活力、生长曲线、荧光蛋白质粒转染表达、核型以及乳酸脱氢酶同工酶等生物学特性进行了分析。结果显示:原代和传代细胞生长形态均好,群体倍增时间为28.3 h;染色体2 n=54,二倍体占主体(84%)乳酸脱氢酶同工酶电泳图谱有明显特征,未见LDH4、LDH5谱带,与其它羊有明显区别;外源性荧光蛋白转染质粒在该细胞中能进行复制和表达;细菌、真菌、病毒、支原体检测呈阴性。表明该研究已成功建立岷县黑裘皮羊肾组织成纤维细胞系,为在细胞水平上保存岷县黑裘皮羊种质资源以及进行相关研究提供了理想的生物材料。     

水解蛋白婴儿配方奶粉的研究

本文介绍了婴儿对牛乳蛋白过敏的原因,并根据水解蛋白防过敏的特性生产加工了低过敏婴儿配方奶粉,通过研究分析发现其感官品质和营养成分与常规配方婴儿奶粉无明显差异。     

黄河源区“黑土滩”混播草地牧草植物量及营养动态初探

黄河源区的极度退化草地——"黑土滩",改建成人工草地是一种恢复退化草地的重要途径,同时可以收获大量饲草。对"黑土滩"混播草地(垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans+中华羊茅Festuca sinensis+碱茅Puc-cinellia distans+冷地早熟禾Poa crymophila+赖草Leymus secalinus)的生产力和营养价值动态进行了研究,分析了放牧对草地生产力的影响。结果表明,从生长高峰期8月到翌年4月,草地生产力自然损失量为144.3 g/m2,损失率为34.9%。这期间放牧利用导致牧草被采食187.2 g/m2。传统的放牧利用,使该类人工草地利用率为45.2%。冷季草地牧草营养价值全都下降,粗蛋白含量降低了69.86%,粗脂肪降低了65.85%。该"黑土滩"混播草地在夏季属碳氮营养型(CN),冬季属碳营养型(C)。因此建议,"黑土滩"混播草地在夏季生长高峰期适度进行人工割草,冬季进行适度放牧利用。