具有产表面活性剂功能石油降解茵的筛选及其发酵条件优化

从广州某炼油厂附近石油污染的土壤中筛选出一株可高效产表面活性剂的原油降解菌株MZ01,结合菌株形态观察、革兰氏染色和16SrDNA序列同源性进行分析鉴定其属于假单胞菌属（Pseudomonassp．MZ01）,该菌9d对原油的降解率达54．7％。通过正交实验优化其产表面活性剂的环境因子并进行发酵培养,结果表明,MZ01最佳发酵条件为：酵母膏（3g·L^-1）作为氮源,玉米油（2g·L^-1）作为碳源,温度为25℃,pH值为9．0和含盐量为5％。该条件下3d的发酵产物经提纯后得到表面活性剂产量为2．27g·L^-1,测得该产物CMC值为0．1g·L^-1,可将水的表面张力从初始的72mN·m^-1降至30mN·m^-1。     

皂角苷增强洗脱复合污染土壤中多环芳烃和重金属的作用及机理

通过增溶实验和土壤洗脱实验,研究了一种生物表面活性剂——皂角苷（saponin）对多环芳烃-重金属复合污染土壤的洗脱作用及机理。结果表明,皂角苷对菲、芘等多环芳烃有极强的增溶作用,当皂角苷浓度为0.04%时,菲、芘在液相中的表观溶解度分别增大了约22倍和128倍,因而皂角苷能显著增强多环芳烃污染土壤中菲、芘的洗脱,洗脱效率最大分别可达84.1%和81.4%,增大了约2倍和17倍。皂角苷可与重金属离子形成水溶性的络合物,从而增强洗脱重金属污染土壤中的Zn^2＋和Cd^2＋,在皂角苷浓度为0.4%时,Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋的洗脱效率分别可达93.0%和79.4%,增大了约75倍和8倍。皂角苷可同时洗脱多环芳烃-重金属复合污染土壤中的菲、芘和Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋,洗脱效率分别达87.6%、83.5%和92.3%、78.6%,重金属的存在略增大了皂角苷对菲、芘等多环芳烃的洗脱效率,但多环芳烃对Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋的洗脱效率没有明显影响。皂角苷可同时增强洗脱复合污染土壤中的多环芳烃和重金属,从而为多环芳烃-重金属复合污染土壤的修复奠定基础。     

降解柴油嗜盐菌的筛选、鉴定及其降解特性

柴油污染对人类健康和生态环境构成了严重威胁,微生物修复成为柴油污染治理常用的方法。以柴油为唯一碳源,筛选获得35株可利用柴油的嗜盐菌,通过测定柴油降解率筛选得到1株高效降解柴油嗜盐菌B-18;通过测定表面张力、排油圈直径,以及进行免疫溶血实验,筛选得到1株高产生物表面活性剂嗜盐菌B-2。B-2排油圈直径可达6 cm,所产生物表面活性剂将发酵液表面张力从74.88 mN·m^-1降至27.15 mN·m^-1,对3%柴油的降解率为44.80%,将该菌鉴定为嗜盐盐渍微菌属(Salimicrobium sp.)。B-18对3%柴油的降解率可达54.00%,鉴定其为盐水球菌属(Salinicoccus sp.),GC-MS方法显示,该菌能降解碳链长度在14~29的烷烃。柴油体积分数为5%时,在Gibbons培养基(GM)中B-2和B-18对柴油的降解率可由原来在无机盐培养基(MSM)中的35.52%和45.62%分别提高至49.08%和53.46%;在GM中混合接菌B-2和B-18对柴油的降解率提高至68.50%,适宜降解条件为100 g·L^-1 NaCl,温度为37 ℃,初始pH为7.5,降解率最高达到70.45%。通过扫描电镜发现,B-2和B-18在降解柴油时发生了形态的典型变化,嗜盐菌表面形成黏性物质,细胞呈不规则团聚,从而加速对柴油的吸收降解。高盐环境下,复合菌系B-2和B-18在柴油污染的生物修复中具有较强的应用潜力。     

Biosurfactants Produced by Marine Microorganisms with Therapeutic Applications

Marine microorganisms possess unique metabolic and physiological features and are an important source of new biomolecules, such as biosurfactants. Some of these surface-active compounds synthesized by marine microorganisms exhibit antimicrobial, anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm activity against a broad spectrum of human pathogens (including multi-drug resistant pathogens), and could be used instead of existing drugs to treat infections caused by them. In other cases, these biosurfactants show anti-cancer activity, which could be envisaged as an alternative to conventional therapies. However, marine biosurfactants have not been widely explored, mainly due to the difficulties associated with the isolation and growth of their producing microorganisms. Culture-independent techniques (metagenomics) constitute a promising approach to study the genetic resources of otherwise inaccessible marine microorganisms without the requirement of culturing them, and can contribute to the discovery of novel biosurfactants with significant biological activities. This paper reviews the most relevant biosurfactants produced by marine microorganisms with potential therapeutic applications and discusses future perspectives and opportunities to discover novel molecules from marine environments.     

以生活污水中油脂为复合碳源的特性菌株筛选与降解效率研究

为了构建一套高效率的污水处理体系,从污水样品中分离、筛选出一株对动植物油脂均具有较强降解能力的菌株JZZ2.在生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列系统发育分析的基础上,评价了该菌株对不同类型动植物油脂的降解能力,同时对其脂肪酶和生物表面活性剂活性进行了分析.研究发现,该菌株属于Pseudomonas aeruginosa,在含1％油脂的MS培养基中,30℃培养24 h的Pseudomonas aeruginosa JZZ2对橄榄油、色拉油、芝麻油和牛油的降解率分别为72.4％、90.2％、82.3％和84.5％,同样条件下培养48 h的Pseudomonas aeruginosa JZZ2脂肪酶活性为2 200 U· L-1,研究进一步发现油脂的添加能够促使其生物表面活性物质的产生.由此可见,Pseudomonas aeruginosa JZZ2对动植物油脂均具有较强的降解能力,能生成脂肪酶和生物表面活性物质是其具有油脂降解特性的主要原因之一.     

脂肽类生物表面活性剂微生物合成菌的筛选

对采集的16个样品经富集培养和平板分离,共获得122株菌株.采用排油活性法和表面张力测定法筛选出5株产表面活性剂的优良菌株,均能将发酵液表面张力降低到40.0mN/m以下.其中一株假单胞菌H0591菌株将发酵液表面张力下降到了32.2mN/m.该菌产生的表面活性刑具有良好的酸碱稳定性和耐温性,且显示出了很强的抗真菌活性.薄层色谱(TLC)后通过茚三酮显色分析表明该表面活性剂为脂肽类化合物.     

Mosquito adulticidal activity of a biosurfactant produced by Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis

BACKGROUND: A biosurfactant, surfactin, produced by a strain of Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis (VCRC B471), was effective in killing mosquito larval and pupal stages. As it was lethal to the non‐feeding pupal stage, it was presumed that it could kill the adult mosquitoes also. In this study, the adulticidal effect of the biosurfactant was assessed in the laboratory against a malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi. RESULTS: The biosurfactant surfactin, separated from the culture supernatant of the production strain, showed mosquito adulticidal activity when tested as ultralow‐volume (ULV) spray in a Peet‐Grady chamber. Knockdown activity and mortality were found to increase with increasing surfactin dosage. Knockdown dosage (KD) and lethal dosage (LD) were calculated by statistical analysis. The KD₅₀ and KD₉₀ dosages were 10.73 and 26.39 mg m^?3 respectively. The LD₅₀ and LD₉₀ dosages were 16.13 and 39.21 mg m^?3. The average droplet size of B. subtilis surfactin was 17.5 ± 1.07 µm. CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that the biosurfactant surfactin, produced by B. subtilis subsp. subtilis (VCRC B471), is a potential bioadulticide for ULV spray against malaria‐transmitting Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. This is the first report of a mosquito adulticide from a microbial source. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Identification of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis> −3-hydroxyoctanoyl-homoserine lactone production in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas fluorescens</Emphasis> 5064, pathogenic to broccoli,and controlling biosurfactant production by quorum sensing

Quorum sensing controls a number of key processes in growth, reproduction and virulence of many gram-negative bacteria via signalling molecules or autoinducers. It can control, for instance, the production of pectic enzymes which are virulence factors in disease. Pseudomonas fluorescens 5064 produces biosurfactants which are important for bacterial establishment on the plant surface prior to causing disease in broccoli. The aim of this paper was to determine if biosurfactant production in this bacterium is controlled via quorum sensing. To do this, 35 surfactant-minus Tn5 mutants of P. fluorescens 5064 were screened for their abilities to produce a quorum sensing signal. Six of these biosurfactant-deficient mutants showed a large reduction in quorum sensing signal production and varied in their abilities to cause disease. In one mutant, 6423, which contains a single Tn5 insertion, the production of the signal was almost eliminated. Synthetic quorum sensing signal and quorum sensing signal extracted from wild type P. fluorescens 5064 restored biosurfactant production by addition to the culture in mutant 6423. The quorum sensing signal in wild type P. fluorescens 5064 was identified by high pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry as N -3-hydroxyoctanoyl-homoserine lactone.     

产生物表面活性剂石油降解菌Bacillus BS-8的生物学特性

研究石油降解菌BS-8(Bacillus sp.)的生长特性及影响其产生物表面活性剂的因素。通过测定BS-8发酵液的OD600 nm、表面张力、排油圈直径推测其生物表面活性剂的产生方式;考察了碳源、氮源、温度、p H、Na Cl浓度对其产生物表面活性剂的影响。结果表明,菌株BS-8生物的表面活性剂产生方式为生长相关型,发酵液的表面张力随菌体数量的增加而降低,排油圈直径与发酵液中表面活性剂含量呈正相关;菌株BS-8高产生物表面活性剂的碳源、氮源分别为葡萄糖、酵母膏,最适培养温度为30℃,最适p H7.0,最适Na Cl浓度为20 g/kg。     

生物表面活性剂研究进展

指出了微生物产生的生物表面活性剂是一类天然两亲化合物生物,含有亲水基、疏水基结构,是一类绿色表面活性剂,具有高表面活性、高抗碱、高抗盐、无污染等特点,对其在医药行业、农业、化学工业、食品工业等领域的研究进展进行了论述。