原位生物技术对城市重污染河道底泥的治理效果

以扬州市典型城市内河河道为例研究了人工曝气、生态砖覆盖、生物填料覆盖、低位植物浮床(简称低位浮床)等原位生态处理技术对河道底泥污染释放及其对上覆水污染负荷贡献的治理效果.研究结果表明:经不同原位生态处理后,1)底泥中氨氮的释放速率下降50.3％-89.64％,平均为59.27％;底泥污染释放对上覆水氨氮负荷贡献量的去除率为36.59％-82.67％,平均为53.33％;2)底泥中总氮的释放速率下降20.96％-88.94％,平均为42.32％;底泥总氮释放对上覆水污染负荷贡献量的污染去除率为38.00％-67.06％,平均为54.96％;3)底泥中总磷的释放速率下降27.49％-91.00％,平均为55.31％;底泥总磷释放对上覆水总磷污染负荷贡献量的去除率为67.14％-98.46％,平均为84.33％;4)底泥中CODMn的释放速率下降11.84％-79.32％,平均为41.16％;底泥上覆水中CODMn的释放速率下降-1.25％--70.74％,平均为29.83％.研究还发现,原位生态处理技术在运行中对底泥污染治理的效果受该技术对底泥的扰动程度的影响,在进行集成应用的时候,对底泥扰动较大的技术应与对底泥扰动较小的技术相间应用,以减少工程技术运行中对底泥扰动造成的污染爆发式释放,达到更好的整体处理效果.     

Remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soils using microbes and nanoparticles: A review

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) pollution is a global concern because of their toxicity to environment and ecosystem, which induces adverse effects on plants, animals, and humans. Hydrocarbons are mainly released from natural and anthropogenic activities, such as incomplete fuel combustion, leakages in oil pipelines, and the extensive use of pesticides; PAH contaminants include petroleum hydrocarbons(PHCs), halogenated hydrocarbons, chlorophenols, and pesticides. Bioremediation using microo...     

丛枝菌根真菌在湿地生境中的分布及其在人工湿地中的应用研究进展

Over the last three decades, the presence and functional roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in wetland habitats have received increasing attention. This review summarized the mycorrhizal status in wetlands and the effect of flooding on AM fungal colonization. Plants of 99 families living in 31 different habitats have been found to be associated with AM fungi, even including submerged aquatic plants and several plant species that were thought to be nonmycorrhizal (Cyperaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Plumbaginaceae). The functions of AM fungi in wetland ecological systems could be concluded as their influences on the composition, succession, and diversity of the wetland plant community, and the growth and nutrition of wetland plants. Affecting the composition, succession, and diversity of the wetland plant community, AM fungi have positive, negative, or neutral effects on the performance of different wetland species under different conditions. The factors that affect the application effect of AM fungi in constructed wetland (CW) include flooding, phosphorus, plant species, aerenchyma, salinity, CW types, operation modes of CW, and wastewater quality. The generalist AM fungi strains can be established spontaneously, rapidly, and extensively in wastewater bioremediation technical installations; therefore, AM fungi can be considered ideal inhabitants of technical installations for the plant-based bioremediation of groundwater contaminated by organic pollutants or other contaminants. In the future, roles of AM fungi and factors that affect the purifying capacity of AM-CW system must be understood to optimize CW ecosystem.     

Assessment of Heavy Metals in Grain Fields with Long-term Treatment of Agrochemicals and Organic Manure in Hailun City of Northeast China

Heavy metals were evaluated in the soils of grain fields in Hailun City Experimental Research Station--Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Four categories of the soil samples were chosen from the fields after 19 years of treatment with chemicals, no fertilizer, organic manure, and organic manure combined with chemical fertilizer. The study revealed a prevalence of significantly high concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb in organic manure combined with chemical fertilizer in the grain fields of black soils. The con...     

几株石油烃降解菌的研究

对从胜利油田的石油污染土壤中分离出的5株细菌进行降油能力的初步评价发现,石油烃降解率分别为48.7%、43.2%、38.2%、51.4%和39.4%;对这5株菌通过形态特征和生理生化特征进行分类学鉴定发现,5种菌分别属于假单胞菌属、红球菌属、芽孢杆菌、放线菌属和微球菌属。最后研究了这5株菌在不同盐度和pH条件下的生长状况,为石油烃降解菌的应用提供了依据。     

环境生物修复中高效基因工程菌的构建策略

通过对环境污染物的生物降解机制及妨碍污染物降解的因素进行分析,提出了几种高效基因工程降解菌的构建策略,包括重组污染物降解基因以优化污染物降解途径、重组污染物摄入相关基因以改善对污染物的生物可利用性和重组环境不利因子抵抗基因以增强其环境适应性等.     

环境砷的存在状态、生物转化和修复研究进展

 砷是环境中以低浓度广泛天然存在的一种非金属元素,与其它元素形成无机和有机的复合物。不同形式的砷通过化学的电子转移、甲基化和烷基化等复杂机制使不同形态的砷相互转化。砷转化机制的研究为砷污染的治理提供新的技术方法,但由于面临诸多的问题,目前还没有一种单一的修复技术被广泛地应用于砷污染环境的治理。本文就近年来有关环境中砷的来源和存在、生物转化和修复的机制进行综述,为砷污染的修复和环境治理提供科学指导。     

蚯蚓回避反应在生态毒理研究中的应用进展

从回避反应的原理和试验装置、回避试验应用现状、影响回避反应的因素即化学物质的生物可利用性、土壤类型、蚯蚓种类、实验蚯蚓污染暴露史三方面进行综述,指出蚯蚓回避反应存在的问题、提出完善蚯蚓回避试验标准方法及利用回避试验监测生物修复是今后的重要发展方向。     

锌污染土壤接种丛枝菌根真菌对玉米苗期生长的影响

通过三个土壤锌水平上的盆栽玉米试验,研究了丛枝菌根真菌在锌污染时对玉米苗期生长的影响。研究表明,即使在土壤锌施入量达600mg·kg-1时,菌根真菌对玉米仍有近50%的侵染率,说明菌根真菌对重金属锌具有相当的抗性。锌污染土壤中菌根共生体的建立,明显地改善了植株对磷素的吸收和运输,有助于植株在重金属污染逆境中的生长。更为重要的是,菌根植物在未增加体内锌浓度的前提下,较对照显著提高了叶和根中的锌吸收量,表明菌根植物在重金属锌污染的土壤上具有一定的生物修复作用。     

石油降解菌群的构建及其对混合烃的降解特性

经富集、分离、纯化,并经选择性培养基的筛选和对总石油烃(TPH)降解能力的测试,从大庆油田石油污染土壤中获得6株分别具有环烷烃、直链烷烃和芳烃降解能力的菌株B_1、B_2、B_3、B_6、B_7和B_9。经16S r RNA基因序列比对,菌株B_1、B_2、B_6和B_7分别属于嗜氢菌属(Hydrogenophaga sp.)、苯基杆菌属(Phenylobacterium sp.)、鞘脂菌属(Sphingobium sp.)和芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus sp.),B_3和B_9属于节杆菌属(Arthrobacter sp.)。通过对接种比例、接种量和生长条件的优化,构建了微生物降解菌群,并采用该菌群进行混合烃污染土壤的修复。结果表明,该菌群对三类烃的去除均具有明显的促进作用。经过40 d的修复,环十二烷去除率达74.5%;100 d后,正十六烷和芘的去除率分别达56.9%和60.4%。前10 d修复过程中,各污染物降解速率最大,之后则逐渐降低,与土壤微生物多样性、数量以及活性的变化趋势相似。