除草剂阿特拉津污染地下水的生物治理研究

利用从农药厂阿特拉津生产车间排污口污泥中分离出的菌种AT菌，进行了农药阿特拉津污染地下水的微生物治理模拟实验研究。结果表明，在实验条件(t=10℃，pH＝7．5)与野外含水层的条件基本一致的情况下，难于生物降解的污染物质阿特拉津的一次投菌降解率达到26．29％；同时环境因素也随着AT菌作用的变化而变化，其中，DO、Eh、pH随AT菌作用的加强而其值减小。另外，设计了细菌的投放方式以模拟野外条件下的菌种投加条件。模拟实验为野外的原位治理提供了理论和方法依据。     

Effects of inoculation with stress-adapted arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus deserticola on growth of Solanum melogena L. and Sorghum sudanese Staph. seedlings under salinity and heavy metal stress conditions

The beneficial effects of a Glomus deserticola strain isolated from the rhizosphere of grasses (belonging to Poaceae family) growing along the industrial waste from a distillery were investigated under stress conditions. The study was conducted to assess the efficacy of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal ecotype in salinity and heavy metal (HM) tolerance of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) in soils amended with various stress levels of NaCl, zinc and cadmium. Mycorrhizal (M) seedlings produced a significantly (p < 0.05) greater growth response and were more tolerant to salt and HM stresses than nonmycorrhizal (NM) seedlings in all treatments. The HM contents in the plant tissues were significantly higher in M than NM eggplants. Furthermore, when the efficacy was compared with other AM isolates in HM-polluted soils with Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanese Staph.) as a test plant, the AM ecotype responded best to these soils, as evident from the significantly greater growth response and its aggressiveness in colonizing roots in all soil types tested. These results suggest that this G. deserticola ecotype can be used as an effective tool to alleviate the adverse effects of excessive salinity and HM toxicity on plant growth. Finally, the isolate may have potential in the bioremediation of polluted soils.     

烟嘧磺隆降解菌株DT-4的降解特性及对高粱药害的缓解作用

土壤中烟嘧磺隆残留可对后茬作物产生不同程度药害。为解决玉米地烟嘧磺隆残留对后茬作物高粱药害问题,使用前期筛选出的烟嘧磺隆高效降解菌株绿木霉Trichoderma virens DT-4,通过高效液相色谱-质谱法检测其降解率,利用室内盆栽生测结合田间小区试验方法,确定降解菌株对土壤中烟嘧磺隆降解效果,降低烟嘧磺隆残留对高粱的药害。结果显示,烟嘧磺隆残留浓度在0.0025～0.1 ug/mL范围内,标准曲线线性良好,符合农残分析要求;PDB液体培养基中烟嘧磺隆在DT-4降解菌处理100 h的降解率高达93.00%;菌株最佳降解条件为培养温度35 ℃、pH 5、最适接种量5%、烟嘧磺隆初始质量浓度200 mg/L。盆栽试验土壤中烟嘧磺隆残留浓度为0.075 mg/kg时,加入降解菌DT-4后能够明显缓解高粱的株高、根长、鲜重、叶绿素含量、根系活力和净光合速率等生长发育指标,对高粱生长有明显的促进作用。田间小区试验中,不同剂型降解菌剂处理,高粱抽穗期效果最为显著,降解菌能够将低于60 g a.i./hm²烟嘧磺隆污染土壤的高粱修复至无明显药害水平,且降解菌剂应用效果为粉剂＞菌液。本研究表明高效降解菌株绿木霉DT-4可有效缓解烟嘧磺隆残留对后茬作物高粱的毒害作用,为玉米高粱轮作体系下烟嘧磺隆残留污染土壤的微生物修复提供科学参考。     

参后地土壤中五氯硝基苯微生物修复效应及影响因素研究

从长期使用五氯硝基苯(PCNB)的栽参土壤中筛选对PCNB具有降解效能的菌株(S1、S2、S3),研究其对PCNB的降解效能及影响因素.结果表明:适合各菌株生长的适宜温度为20～30%;适合S1和适合S2、S3菌株生长的pH范围分别为5.5～7.5和6.5～8.5.在此pH和温度范围内,各菌株对PCNB具有良好的降解性能.在最佳生长条件下,菌株达到最大生长量和最高降解率,在PCNB初始浓度为25.0 mg/L时,经过数天的培养,对PCNB降解率最高可达89.7%.与对照相比,土著微生物和接种微生物均能加速PCNB的降解.对泥浆相修复和纯培养基条件下的PCNB降解反应的回归方程进行差异显著性检验表明:在两种条件下,PCNB生物降解速率差异显著性达到α=0.01水平.     

紫花苜蓿-菌根真菌-根瘤茵对多氯联苯污染土壤的修复作用

以紫花苜蓿为材料,运用盆载试验,通过接种根瘤菌、菌根真菌对多氯联苯污染土壤的修复效应进行了研究。结果表明,紫花苜蓿对土壤中多氯联苯浓度降低具有重要作用,重污染土壤中平均降低了24.48％,轻污染土壤平均降低了19.14％;根瘤菌和菌根真菌双接种强化了紫花苜蓿对多氯联苯的修复作用,污染土壤的修复效果与土壤原污染程度有关;紫花苜蓿-菌根真菌-根瘤菌协同修复效果在重污染土壤中强于轻污染土壤;同时紫花苜蓿对土壤中PCBs表现出较强的耐性,因而可以作为PCBs污染土壤的植物修复材料。     

Biodiversity of the genus Cladophialophora

Cladophialophora is a genus of black yeast-like fungi comprising a number of clinically highly significant species in addition to environmental taxa. The genus has previously been characterized by branched chains of ellipsoidal to fusiform conidia. However, this character was shown to have evolved several times independently in the order Chaetothyriales. On the basis of a multigene phylogeny (nucLSU, nucSSU, RPB1), most of the species of Cladophialophora (including its generic type C. carrionii) belong to a monophyletic group comprising two main clades (carrionii- and bantiana-clades). The genus includes species causing chromoblastomycosis and other skin infections, as well as disseminated and cerebral infections, often in immunocompetent individuals. In the present study, multilocus phylogenetic analyses were combined to a morphological study to characterize phenetically similar Cladophialophora strains. Sequences of the ITS region, partial Translation Elongation Factor 1-α and β-Tubulin genes were analysed for a set of 48 strains. Four novel species were discovered, originating from soft drinks, alkylbenzene-polluted soil, and infected patients. Membership of the both carrionii and bantiana clades might be indicative of potential virulence to humans.Taxonomic novelties: Cladophialophora samoënsis Badali, de Hoog & Padhye, sp. nov., Cladophialophora subtilis Badali & de Hoog, sp. nov., Cladophialophora mycetomatis Badali, de Hoog & Bonifaz, sp. nov., Cladophialophora immunda Badali, Satow, Prenafeta-Boldú, Padhye & de Hoog, sp. nov.     

Well-defined multispecies probiotic and enzyme combination outperforms traditional fermented probiotic applications in an intensive Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931), culture system

A series of treatments were designed to evaluate the efficacy of feeding commercial multispecies probiotics feeding with enzymes and fermentation process on the growth parameters and culture environment of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931), in an intensive culture system. Commercial multispecies probiotics and enzymes (PEs) were continuously applied in three different doses, namely (i) 0.2, (ii) 0.4, and (iii) 0.6 mg L⁻¹ and designated as 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 PE during the first 30 days of intensive culture of Pacific white shrimp, L. vannamei (Boone, 1931). The probiotics were continually applied every alternate day, while the enzymes were added every sixth day throughout the trial period. The PE dose for all treated tanks was increased by 0.2 ppm after 30 days of culture and another 0.2 ppm after day 60. Meanwhile, fermentation technique, which has become the common method applied in Indonesia in the control treatment, was added on the same day with the PE group with increasing dosage, following the same trend with the 0.6 PE group. Results showed that the group receiving 0.6 PE showed higher final biomass, higher mean weight, and protein retention efficiency as well as a lower feed conversion ratio compared with the control treatment. Abundance of Vibrio spp. remained below 10³ cfu mL⁻¹ throughout the trial. Water quality indicators TAN, NO₂ N and NO₃ N peaked in weeks 3–5 and then declined after that until the end of the culture period in all tanks. This decline was significantly faster in PE-treated tanks. Multispecies PEs have potential applications in controlling Vibrio spp., maintaining proper water quality condition, and enhancing the growth of shrimp in intensive culture system.     

土壤PAHs污染的微生物修复

PAHs广泛分布于土壤中,是一种非环境友好型物质。综合介绍了土壤中PAHs的来源、分布与危害,论述了PAHs的致癌毒性的结构特点、土壤PAHs污染的微生物修复原理及近年来可降解PAHs的微生物筛选情况,同时列举了新发现的可降解PAHs的微生物种类,针对土壤PAHs污染的特点提出了原位修复和异位修复两种修复方法以及从土壤性质改良和提高PAHs溶解率两方面促进微生物降解PAHs。     

有机污染物的微生物修复研究进展

多芳香烃(PAHs)、环硝胺类物质(RDX、HMX、Tetryl和CL-20)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、烷烃类化合物、氯乙烯类、硝基化合物等的有机污染物增多,对自然界和人类生活造成极大危害,自二十世纪七十年代便出现了利用微生物降解有机污染物的生物修复研究,但传统的有机污染物生物修复存在效率不高、难以维持等问题。二十世纪九十年代以来,随着分子生物学技术的迅速发展,其在污染生物修复中得到越来越多的应用,并有效地提高了生物修复效率。本文总结了近年来有机污染物污染修复中应用上述方法的研究,重点分析整理了一系列典型石油污染物降解途径中的加氧酶及其参考菌株,为今后有机污染物的生物修复提供参考。     

作物种类对根际土壤中丁草胺降解的影响

研究了根际和非根际土壤中除草剂丁草胺的降解。结果表明,棉花、水稻、小麦和玉米的种植明显促进丁草胺的降解,15 mg/kg丁草胺的降解半衰期缩短26.6%~57.2%,这种促进作用与作物种类有关,玉米、小麦、水稻、棉花依次增强。50 mg/kg丁草胺的降解有所受抑制,但作物种植仍显示良好的促进作用。作物根际丁草胺降解菌的测定结果显示,根际土壤中丁草胺降解菌的数量大于非根际土壤,作物种植对丁草胺降解的促进作用源于根际丰富的降解菌。