不同工业大麻品种对田间5种重金属吸收积累特性的比较

为了分析不同工业大麻品种对不同重金属富集与转移的差异,以云南5个工业大麻主栽品种（ym1~ym5）为试验材料,修复云南矿区重金属污染严重的农田。结果表明： 5个工业大麻品种中,成熟期的根系对Pb和Cd吸收量最大的为ym1,对As、Cu和Zn吸收量最大的为ym3,而ym5对Pb、Cu、Cd和Zn吸收量皆最小;茎叶对As、Cu和Cd吸收量最大的为ym3,对Pb和Zn吸收量最大的分别为ym1和ym2;种子对Pb和Cd吸收量最大的为ym2,对As和Cu吸收量最大的为ym5,对Zn吸收量最大则为ym3,ym1种子对Pb、As和Cu吸收量皆最小,对Cd、Zn吸收最小的品种分别为ym4和ym2;5个品种表现为除Cu外,茎叶富集系数皆大于根,根系向茎叶的转运系数均大于1。研究表明,ym1可作为Pb污染修复植物,ym3可作为As、Zn、Cu和Cd污染修复的适推品种。     

Use of a field-scale biofilter for the degradation of the organophosphate insecticide coumaphos in cattle dip wastes

Insecticide wastes generated from livestock dipping operations are well suited for biodegradation processes since these wastes are concentrated, contained, and have no other significant toxic components. A field-scale biofilter capable of treating 15000-litre batches of dip waste containing the acaricide coumaphos was used to reduce the coumaphos concentration in two successive 11000-litre batch trials from 2000 mg litre^-1 to 10 mg litre^-1 in approximately 14 days at 25–29°C. Removal of coumaphos from the biofilter effluent is a function of both physical filtration and biodegradation by the biofilter. However, stoichiometric increases in chloride levels in the effluent as coumaphos concentrations decreased confirmed that coumaphos was being degraded by the biofilter rather than just being filtered out. In subsequent 5500-litre batch experiments, the addition of a vitamin supplement to the biofilter-treated dip resulted in a further decrease in coumaphos concentration to approximately 1 mg litre^-1. Results from incubations of two representative Texas soils with biofilter-treated dip spiked with [benzo-U-¹⁴C] coumaphos revealed that 32–36% of the spiked [¹⁴C] coumaphos was mineralized in the soils after 110 days at 30°C. © 1998 SCI.     

耐镉阿氏芽孢杆菌缓解水稻受镉胁迫的研究

为了探究阿氏芽孢杆菌T61缓解水稻受镉胁迫的效应,运用96孔板法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、比色法测定菌株T61的镉耐受性、镉去除率和植物促生性;利用绿色荧光蛋白标记的T61,观察菌株在水稻上的定殖;利用蘸根法施加T61菌剂,观察其降低水稻籽粒镉积累的效应。结果表明：菌株T61对Cd²⁺的最大耐受浓度达到500 μmol·L^-1;在含镉液体培养基中培养24 h后,菌株T61对Cd²⁺的去除率超过50%。菌株T61可以合成植物促生性物质吲哚乙酸（6.2 μg·mL^-1）和铁载体（46.6 μmol·L^-1）,并具有溶磷能力（37.1 μg·mL^-1）。菌株T61可以在水稻根和茎上定殖。大田条件下,T61菌剂可以降低营养期水稻茎叶丙二醛含量和抗氧化酶活性,并使水稻728B和NX1B籽粒中的镉含量分别降低13.5%和11.2%。研究表明,阿氏芽孢杆菌T61是一株具有植物促生性的耐镉细菌,可以缓解某些水稻品种遭受的镉胁迫,在镉污染稻田的微生物修复方面具有一定的应用前景。     

Survival and growth of the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota Brandt: a comparison between suspended and bottom cultures in a subtropical fish farm during summer

The feasibility of co‐culturing the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota Brandt in a subtropical fish farm was investigated in a field study. Sea cucumbers were cultured in the fish farm in cages suspended at 4 m deep (suspended culture) and directly on the seafloor (bottom culture). The survival and growth of the sea cucumbers were monitored twice during the 3‐month, summer experimental period (May 26–August 14, 2010). Results showed that the suspension‐cultured sea cucumbers exhibited excellent survival rate (100%) during the whole study period. There also occurred no mortality in the bottom‐cultured sea cucumbers during the first culture period (May 26–July 13); but all these died from anoxia caused by water column stratification during the second culture period (July 14–August 14). The specific growth rate of the bottom‐cultured sea cucumbers (1.05 ± 0.21 % day^?1) was nearly double that of the suspended culture animals (0.57 ± 0.21 % day^?1) during the first culture period, and the growth rates of the suspended culture sea cucumbers in the second culture periods (0.46 ± 0.24 % day^?1) was only a little lower than that of the first period. The sea cucumbers H. leucospilota could ingest and assimilate sediment with high organic matter content with an average assimilation efficiency of 14.9 ± 3.9%. This study indicated that fish farm detritus can be effectively used as a food source for the sea cucumber and that it can be turned into a valuable secondary crop in the form of the sea cucumber biomass.     

Characterization of Burkholderia sp. XTB‐5 for Phenol Degradation and Plant Growth Promotion and Its Application in Bioremediation of Contaminated Soil

A key issue when researching land degradation is the pollution of soils. For bioremediation of contaminated soil, Burkholderia sp. XTB‐5 cells were obtained from soil and grown on mineral salt medium with initial phenol concentrations of 650 mg L⁻¹ and 850 mg L⁻¹, which were found to degrade more than 98% of phenol content in less than 4 days. About 90% of phenol content (with initial concentration of 250 mg kg⁻¹ soil) was removed from soil inoculated with XTB‐5 cells in 6 days. More than 90% of phenol content was removed within 20 days after co‐introduction of XTB‐5 cells and plants to sterilized soil in a greenhouse or to natural soil in field trials. But under the same conditions, individual introduction of plants to sterilized soil in the greenhouse reduced phenol content by about 50% and introduction to natural soil in field trials reduced phenol content by about 38%, suggesting that phytoremediation of phenol is often inefficient and microorganisms can efficiently degrade this pollutant. In addition, strain XTB‐5 was found to solubilize phosphate and produce 1‐Aminocyclopropane‐1‐Carboxylate (ACC) deaminase and siderophore. Strain XTB‐5 promoted plant growth in both phenol‐absent and phenol‐spiked soil under greenhouse and field conditions. Considering that ACC deaminase is beneficial to plant growth under adverse environmental conditions, plant growth promotion by XTB‐5 in phenol‐contaminated soil is not only due to XTB‐5 cell‐degradation of phenol and reduced phytotoxicity but also to production of ACC deaminase. Hence, Burkholderia sp. XTB‐5 presents an attractive microorganism for phytoremediation of contaminated soil and agronomic application. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

翘鳞香菇研究进展

翘鳞香菇是新近开发的具有市场潜力的食用菌新品种。本文综述了其栽培技术、固体发酵、深层培养、药理活性和生物修复等方面的研究进展,为其进一步开发应用提供参考。     

养殖池塘污染底泥生物修复的室内比较实验

在实验室模拟生态条件下,运用投放复合微生物、微生物合酶菌液、添加营养促生剂、水底界面曝气等不同方法对养殖池塘污染底泥进行生物-生态修复;检测底泥及上覆水在不同生物修复技术作用下溶氧、氨氮、硝态氮、CODcr、TOC、底泥生物降解能力(G值)、异养细菌数量和反硫化细菌数量等指标的动态变化,据此评价不同修复技术的生态效应。结果表明,4种不同的生物生态方法均对污染底泥产生了一定的修复作用,其中以VB997底泥营养促生剂组的综合修复效果最为理想,在为期60 d的实验中,底表水CODcr消除率达70.00%,底泥生物降解能力(G值)从12.00 kg/(kg.h)提高至45.60 kg/(kg.h),底泥表面形成1.80~2.20 cm灰白色氧化层。曝气组溶氧充足,底层DO一直保持在7.00mg/L以上,底表水CODcr消除率达69.25%,G值从14.30 kg/(kg.h)升高到34.20 kg/(kg.h)。实验同时表明,几种生物制剂和营养促生剂的添加能导致上覆水硝态氮和氨态氮含量的升高,促进浮游藻类的阶段性滋生。[中国水产科学,2006,13(1):140-145]     

反硝化技术对模拟养殖池塘修复的研究

浙江奉化市池塘的底泥经过反复培养、驯化.从中筛选、分离出反硝化细菌,在模拟实验条件下,研究其对不同浓度的硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除情况,讨论反硝化菌种的生长情况.结果表明,在初始浓度为1、25、50 mg·L-1的硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮模拟池塘中,随着实验的进行,对污染物的去除效果逐渐提高.其中在1 mg·L-1的浓度组中,3 d内硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮去除率就分别达到了95.8%和90.2%;在25 mg·L-1的浓度组中,第6 d硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐的去除率分别为93.8%和87.8%;在50 mg·L-1的浓度组中,第6 d硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐的去除率分别为89.7%和78.7%.此外,反硝化菌对硝酸盐氮的去除效果略优于亚硝酸盐氮,而且硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的浓度越低,对其去除效果越好,达到稳定状态的时间越短.在模拟池塘中,菌种的生长情况与硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的浓度呈负相关,即污染物的浓度越高反硝化菌的生长情况越差.对反硝化菌的生态影响因子研究表明,其反硝化最适宜的pH值为6～7,温度为25～35℃;而且在同一pH值和温度条件下,硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度越低,反硝化菌对其去除效果越好.     

大型藻类在综合海水养殖系统中的生物修复作用

减少水产养殖自身对环境的负面影响是维持水产业持续健康发展的关键所在。大型藻类生物滤器可以有效地吸收、利用养殖环境中多余的营养物质，从而减轻养殖废水对环境的影响，并提高养殖系统的经济输出，被广泛应用于鱼、虾和贝类等的综合养殖系统中，是控制水体富营养化、增进食品安全和对污染水体进行生物修复的有效措施之一。本研究概述了大型藻类生物滤器用于养殖废水生物修复和环境控制的原理、依据、研究现状、修复效果以及应用大型藻类生物滤器产生的效益和存在的问题。     

细菌阿特拉津氯水解酶基因的功能及其应用

简要介绍了能降解除草剂阿特拉津的细菌的种类和它们的生物降解途径、阿特拉津氯水解酶的功能和定向进化的研究进展,以及阿特拉津氯水解酶基因atzA在污染土壤生物修复和转基因植物研究中的应用。