嗜盐菌强化石油污染土壤生物修复的可行性研究

被石油污染的土壤通常所含石油烃成分复杂并且盐碱化、板结化,其有效治理是目前亟待解决的重要课题。油田污染物通常具有石油含量高、成分复杂、矿化度高、可生化性差的特点,给微生物处理法带来一定难度,其关键是选用高效石油烃降解菌。嗜盐菌独特的细胞结构及嗜盐特性使其在油田污染治理中具有极大的潜在应用价值,为此综述了油田土壤污染的特点及其对土壤微生物的影响,嗜盐菌的特点、分类、嗜盐机制及其在石油污染治理中的应用,论证嗜盐菌在石油污染土壤修复中的可行性,指出了目前存在的问题和今后的发展方向。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复研究

通过田间试验研究了玉米和向日葵两种植物对石油污染土壤的修复作用,考察了外源菌(DX-9)对植物修复的强化和协同效应,对"外源菌-植物"修复效果进行了初步评价.结果表明,在10000mg·kg-1污染浓度下,150 d玉米、向日葵试验区土壤中石油降解率分别为42.5%和46.4%,较对照区提高了100.5%和118.9%.外源节细菌的施加可使生物修复速度显著加快,150 d"DX-9-玉米"和"DX-9-向日葵"试验区石油烃降解率分别达到72.8%和76.4%,较同期单独植物修复的降解率提高了71.3%和64.7%.500 d各试验区土壤中石油烃降解率分别为95.5%、96.1%、97.6%和98.9%,土壤中石油烃含量均低于国家标准规定限量(<500mg·kg-1);土壤主要理化性质、生物群落分布、呼吸强度及植物不同部位中石油烃的残留量与对照无显著差异.结果表明:玉米、向日葵与节细菌对石油污染土壤的联合生物修复效果显著;经过两年修复,污染土壤恢复健康状态.     

循环养殖系统中多级生物处理对水质的调控作用

研究了根据不同生物的功能特性及其间的协同作用,建立的由芦苇湿地、沉水植被群落、人工基质固定化微生物膜、软体底栖动物和滤食性鱼类组成的自净型多级生物修复系统,对养殖塘环境改善情况。结果显示:与实施修复前的系统相比,营养盐NO2-N、NO3-N和PO4-P的去除率分别达87.46%、62.99%和75.74%;浮游动、植物的生物量分别减少92.83%和15.90%。养殖塘排水营养盐NO2-N、NO3-N和PO4-P的去除率分别为27%～96%(年均87%)、37%～84%(年均84%)和30%～17%(年均9%),CODMn的去除率为1%～17%(年均9%)。经系统多级处理后水体透明度分别提高了75%和17%,最高值达52 cm。浮游植物生物量平均减少63.93%,尤其是蓝藻,平均减少68.17%。浮游植物群落结构转好,硅藻大量繁殖,成为优势种。浮游动物群落结构也由小型原生动物占优向大型枝角类、轮虫转变。受控于滤食性鱼类,浮游动物生物量维持在较低水平。     

我国赤潮频发现象分析与海藻栽培生物修复作用

In this paper, the history, main events and present status of red tide (HAB, harmful algal blooms) along China coast in recent years were reviewed and presented. It showed that the HAB's frequency and scale, number of HAB spec ies, percentage of toxic HAB events and the degree of damages to marine environment and economy have sharply increased in China since 1960's. Eutrophication was key factor for high occurrence of red tide. In this paper, main causes of frequent HAB occurrence along China coast was discussed. Many factors might influence the occurrence of red tide, which included weather, climate, coastal current, tidal current, water temperature, salinity, hydrodynamic and nutrient conditions, trace metals and the variation of biological environment. Numerous evidences from all over the world revealed the linkage between the increases in nutrient loading and the occurrences of high biomass blooms. Eutrophication was one of the important causes that involved in high occurrence of HAB. The main sources of nutrients potentially stimulating HABs included terrestrial runoff, aquaculture selfpollution, atmospheric deposition, sea projects and other pollution events in the ocean. Studies showed that the input from land contaminations and the selfpollution of marine aquaculture accelerated eutrophication in coastal waters and were also important impact factors on red tide. Researches suggested that nutrient composition could affect the species composition of phytoplankton as well as the development of some HABs. The changes in nutrient supply ratios, primarily N∶P, often resulted in shifts in red tide species composition. The correlation between cysts and formation of HAB was discussed from the viewpoi nt of transformation of cyst and vegetative cell, the effects of trace elements and other organic substances on the occurrence of HAB were presented also. It indicated that the nutrient control could be an effective way to reduce the risk of red tide occurrence. Seaweed would play an important role for decreasing marine eutrophication. Among the different methods of red tide controlling studied, seaweed biomass has received much attention due to the cost saving, low sensitivity to environmental and impurity factors, the possible contaminant recovery from the biomaterial and its elevated adsorption capacity. Cultivated seaweeds have very high rates of productivity higher than that of seaweed in its natural habits and grow well in water bodies with higher nitrogen and other nutrients. Seaweeds are able to absorb large quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon dioxide, produce large quanti ties of oxygen, and have excellent effect on decreasing eutrophication. Large amounts of C, N and P are accumulated into seaweed tissues as they accumulate considerable biomass over a period of months or years depending on the cultivation season. When seaweeds are harvested, nutrients are removed from the sea area. An investigation was carried out for inorganic nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus concentration at Lusi Coast, Qidong County, Jiangsu Province in China, where there were about 270 hm2 for Porphyra yezoensis cultivation with eutrophic sea water in recent years. While during Porphyra yezoensis cultivation, from Sep 2003 to May 2004, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen declined form 0.511-0.778 mg·L^-1 to 0.006-0.057 mg·L^-1, nitrite nitrogen concentration declined from 0.010-0.040 mg·L^-1 to 0.001-0.009 mg·L^-1, and nitrate nitrogen concentration declined from 0.466-0.549 mg·L^-1 to 0.286-0.0568 mg·L^-1, the average concentration of inorganic phosphorus declined from 0.024 mg·L^-1 to 0.019 mg·L^-1. Furthermore, during five hours, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in the seawater declined form 220.88 μmol·L^-1 to 8.59 μmol·L^-1 by cultivated Gracilaria lemanaiformis, and the concentration of ammonium nitrogen declined form 213.84 μmol·L^-1 to zero by cultivated Enteromorpha clathrata. Other bioremediation mechanisms of seaweed inhibiting the red tide microalgae such as nutrients competition and allelopathic effects were also discussed.     

沙蚕在海洋滩涂生境修复中的应用与展望

近年来,大量废弃物正在污染近岸水域,水域富营养化加速,滩涂生态脆弱性日益明显,寻找适宜的修复滩涂的途径迫在眉睫。沙蚕为海洋底栖多毛类动物的优势类群和多样性最为丰富的科。本文介绍了常见沙蚕的分类地位、生态习性、生物学和生态学特点以及在滩涂修复中的地位,着重阐述了沙蚕增养殖技术研究及其发展现状、沙蚕修复生境的机制、实践效果与种类选择,展望了沙蚕修复海洋滩涂生境的前景。     

微生物降解四环素类抗生素的研究进展

随着抗生素在养殖行业使用加剧，施用粪肥导致的抗生素污染问题日趋严重，微生物降解抗生素作为解决这一问题的有效途径受到人们的广泛关注。本文综述了四环素类抗生素（TCs）的降解方法和微生物降解四环素类抗生素的研究现状，并对微生物降解四环素类抗生素的影响因素、降解路径以及其降解的分子机制进行了详细介绍。在此基础上，对微生物降解四环素类抗生素从实验室研究到实际生产应用进行了展望，指出了未来研究关注的重点。本文以期为人们深入认识四环素类抗生素的微生物修复提供参考，同时为四环素类抗生素的污染修复提供思路。     

Amelioration strategies for sodic soils: a review

Sodic soils are characterized by the occurrence of excess sodium (Na⁺) to levels that can adversely affect soil structure and disturb availability of some nutrients to plants. Such changes ultimately affect crop growth and yield. There are large areas of the world that exist under sodic soils and need attention for efficient, inexpensive and environmentally feasible amelioration. Sodic soil amelioration involves increase in calcium (Ca²⁺) on the cation exchange sites at the expense of Na⁺. The replaced Na⁺ together with excess soluble salts, if present, is removed from the root zone through infiltrating water as a result of excessive irrigations. Records nearly a century old reveal the use of water, crop, chemical amendment, electric current, and tillage as amelioration tools for such soils. Among the amelioration strategies, chemical amendments have an extensive usage. Owing to gradual increases in amendment cost in some parts of the world during the last two decades, this amelioration strategy has become cost‐intensive, particularly for the subsistence farmers in developing countries. In the meantime, phytoremediation with low initial investment has emerged as a potential substitute of chemical amelioration. Phytoremediation works through plant root action that helps dissolve native soil calcite (CaCO₃) of low solubility to supply adequate levels of Ca²⁺ for an effective Na⁺−Ca²⁺ exchange without the application of an amendment. Although significant progress has been achieved in improving amelioration methods, a great deal of work remains to analyse the economics of such methods with focus on (1) the long‐term sustainability of the amelioration projects and (2) the consequences of amelioration for the farmer himself, other growers and society as a whole. Computer modelling may help assess economic viability of different soil amelioration methods to extend results broadly to other similar locations. In addition, computer modelling to stimulate movement and reactions of salts in sodic soils has been a potentially useful complement to experimental data. However, such models need evaluation under field conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大型海藻对重金属富集作用、影响因素及应用

海洋大型海藻对重金属具有富集作用，大型海藻通过浓度差异驱动、海藻细胞表面与重金属的结合以及海藻对重金属的主动吸收而富集重金属，而海藻对重金属的富集受到多种环境环境因子包括pH，温度，盐度等，此外还与重金属的种类、浓度和海藻的种类有关。基于国内外学者对海藻中重金属含量的调查，综述对富集重金属海藻的环境影响进行了总结。一方面，重金属沿食物链的生物放大作用可能会造成生态危害和人体健康威胁。另一方面，利用海藻对重金属的富集作用差异，将大型海藻作为海水重金属污染指示生物或水体重金属污染生物修复材料得到了越来越广泛的关注。