一株草甘膦高效降解菌的筛选和表征研究

为研究利用细菌微生物降解草甘膦农药污染,从沈阳某地区农田土壤中分离得到一株草甘膦高效降解菌Ensifer sp. BRY。基于16S rDNA检测,BRY被鉴定为剑菌属(Ensifer sp.)。BRY能在以草甘膦(最高浓度400 mg·L-1)为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中生长,在50 h对300 mg·L-1草甘膦的降解率可达到69.60%。在30℃、pH 6.0、10%初始接种量时,菌株BRY在50 h内的草甘膦(100 mg·L-1)降解率达到91.93%,当相同条件下调节初始接种量为20%时,菌株BRY的草甘膦降解率升高。当培养体系加入其他碳源(葡萄糖、蔗糖)时,草甘膦降解率降低。菌株BRY对不同浓度草甘膦的降解过程符合Haldane方程,其最大比生长速率μmax为1.68 h-1,半饱和常数Ks为167.80 mg·L-1,抑制常数Ksi为50.55 mg·L-1,Ksi/Ks为0.30。研究表明,菌株BRY对草甘膦具有较高的耐受能力和降解能力,通过优化培养条件可以提高降解效率,在用于草甘膦污染环境的生物修复过程中,菌株BRY具有独特潜力。     

益生菌在水产养殖方面的研究进展

简述了生物修复技术和益生菌概念的发展,综述了在养殖生态环境中利用益生菌来净化水质和修复养殖水体等方面所取得的成果,并对微生物修复养殖水体的技术发展前景等进行了展望。     

嗜盐菌强化石油污染土壤生物修复的可行性研究

被石油污染的土壤通常所含石油烃成分复杂并且盐碱化、板结化,其有效治理是目前亟待解决的重要课题.油田污染物通常具有石油含量高、成分复杂、矿化度高、可生化性差的特点,给微生物处理法带来一定难度,其关键是选用高效石油烃降解菌.嗜盐菌独特的细胞结构及嗜盐特性使其在油田污染治理中具有极大的潜在应用价值,为此综述了油田土壤污染的特点及其对土壤微生物的影响,嗜盐菌的特点、分类、嗜盐机制及其在石油污染治理中的应用,论证嗜盐菌在石油污染土壤修复中的可行性,指出了目前存在的问题和今后的发展方向.     

嗜盐菌强化石油污染土壤生物修复的可行性研究

被石油污染的土壤通常所含石油烃成分复杂并且盐碱化、板结化,其有效治理是目前亟待解决的重要课题。油田污染物通常具有石油含量高、成分复杂、矿化度高、可生化性差的特点,给微生物处理法带来一定难度,其关键是选用高效石油烃降解菌。嗜盐菌独特的细胞结构及嗜盐特性使其在油田污染治理中具有极大的潜在应用价值,为此综述了油田土壤污染的特点及其对土壤微生物的影响,嗜盐菌的特点、分类、嗜盐机制及其在石油污染治理中的应用,论证嗜盐菌在石油污染土壤修复中的可行性,指出了目前存在的问题和今后的发展方向。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复研究

通过田间试验研究了玉米和向日葵两种植物对石油污染土壤的修复作用,考察了外源菌(DX-9)对植物修复的强化和协同效应,对"外源菌-植物"修复效果进行了初步评价.结果表明,在10000mg·kg-1污染浓度下,150 d玉米、向日葵试验区土壤中石油降解率分别为42.5%和46.4%,较对照区提高了100.5%和118.9%.外源节细菌的施加可使生物修复速度显著加快,150 d"DX-9-玉米"和"DX-9-向日葵"试验区石油烃降解率分别达到72.8%和76.4%,较同期单独植物修复的降解率提高了71.3%和64.7%.500 d各试验区土壤中石油烃降解率分别为95.5%、96.1%、97.6%和98.9%,土壤中石油烃含量均低于国家标准规定限量(<500mg·kg-1);土壤主要理化性质、生物群落分布、呼吸强度及植物不同部位中石油烃的残留量与对照无显著差异.结果表明:玉米、向日葵与节细菌对石油污染土壤的联合生物修复效果显著;经过两年修复,污染土壤恢复健康状态.     

龙须菜在网箱养殖区的生物修复研究

在福建省东山县八尺门网箱养殖区的浅水区吊养面积约0.7 hm2的龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis),研究龙须菜对网箱养殖区水质的修复效果。通过对实验区及其内外两侧的定点监测,以及对与潮流方向一致和垂直的2个断面的监测,结果表明,修复区的溶解氧(DO)浓度明显高于非修复区,无机氮(IN)、无机磷(IP)浓度低于非修复区,由此可见,通过海水交换,龙须菜可以吸收流经修复区的IN、IP,并提高流出修复区的海水的DO水平。这有利于改善网箱养殖区的海水水质,提高网箱养鱼的成活率和生长率,促进海水养殖的可持续发展。[中国水产科学,2007,14(3):488-492]     

循环养殖系统中多级生物处理对水质的调控作用

研究了根据不同生物的功能特性及其间的协同作用,建立的由芦苇湿地、沉水植被群落、人工基质固定化微生物膜、软体底栖动物和滤食性鱼类组成的自净型多级生物修复系统,对养殖塘环境改善情况。结果显示:与实施修复前的系统相比,营养盐NO2-N、NO3-N和PO4-P的去除率分别达87.46%、62.99%和75.74%;浮游动、植物的生物量分别减少92.83%和15.90%。养殖塘排水营养盐NO2-N、NO3-N和PO4-P的去除率分别为27%～96%(年均87%)、37%～84%(年均84%)和30%～17%(年均9%),CODMn的去除率为1%～17%(年均9%)。经系统多级处理后水体透明度分别提高了75%和17%,最高值达52 cm。浮游植物生物量平均减少63.93%,尤其是蓝藻,平均减少68.17%。浮游植物群落结构转好,硅藻大量繁殖,成为优势种。浮游动物群落结构也由小型原生动物占优向大型枝角类、轮虫转变。受控于滤食性鱼类,浮游动物生物量维持在较低水平。     

我国赤潮频发现象分析与海藻栽培生物修复作用

In this paper, the history, main events and present status of red tide (HAB, harmful algal blooms) along China coast in recent years were reviewed and presented. It showed that the HAB's frequency and scale, number of HAB spec ies, percentage of toxic HAB events and the degree of damages to marine environment and economy have sharply increased in China since 1960's. Eutrophication was key factor for high occurrence of red tide. In this paper, main causes of frequent HAB occurrence along China coast was discussed. Many factors might influence the occurrence of red tide, which included weather, climate, coastal current, tidal current, water temperature, salinity, hydrodynamic and nutrient conditions, trace metals and the variation of biological environment. Numerous evidences from all over the world revealed the linkage between the increases in nutrient loading and the occurrences of high biomass blooms. Eutrophication was one of the important causes that involved in high occurrence of HAB. The main sources of nutrients potentially stimulating HABs included terrestrial runoff, aquaculture selfpollution, atmospheric deposition, sea projects and other pollution events in the ocean. Studies showed that the input from land contaminations and the selfpollution of marine aquaculture accelerated eutrophication in coastal waters and were also important impact factors on red tide. Researches suggested that nutrient composition could affect the species composition of phytoplankton as well as the development of some HABs. The changes in nutrient supply ratios, primarily N∶P, often resulted in shifts in red tide species composition. The correlation between cysts and formation of HAB was discussed from the viewpoi nt of transformation of cyst and vegetative cell, the effects of trace elements and other organic substances on the occurrence of HAB were presented also. It indicated that the nutrient control could be an effective way to reduce the risk of red tide occurrence. Seaweed would play an important role for decreasing marine eutrophication. Among the different methods of red tide controlling studied, seaweed biomass has received much attention due to the cost saving, low sensitivity to environmental and impurity factors, the possible contaminant recovery from the biomaterial and its elevated adsorption capacity. Cultivated seaweeds have very high rates of productivity higher than that of seaweed in its natural habits and grow well in water bodies with higher nitrogen and other nutrients. Seaweeds are able to absorb large quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon dioxide, produce large quanti ties of oxygen, and have excellent effect on decreasing eutrophication. Large amounts of C, N and P are accumulated into seaweed tissues as they accumulate considerable biomass over a period of months or years depending on the cultivation season. When seaweeds are harvested, nutrients are removed from the sea area. An investigation was carried out for inorganic nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus concentration at Lusi Coast, Qidong County, Jiangsu Province in China, where there were about 270 hm2 for Porphyra yezoensis cultivation with eutrophic sea water in recent years. While during Porphyra yezoensis cultivation, from Sep 2003 to May 2004, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen declined form 0.511-0.778 mg·L^-1 to 0.006-0.057 mg·L^-1, nitrite nitrogen concentration declined from 0.010-0.040 mg·L^-1 to 0.001-0.009 mg·L^-1, and nitrate nitrogen concentration declined from 0.466-0.549 mg·L^-1 to 0.286-0.0568 mg·L^-1, the average concentration of inorganic phosphorus declined from 0.024 mg·L^-1 to 0.019 mg·L^-1. Furthermore, during five hours, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in the seawater declined form 220.88 μmol·L^-1 to 8.59 μmol·L^-1 by cultivated Gracilaria lemanaiformis, and the concentration of ammonium nitrogen declined form 213.84 μmol·L^-1 to zero by cultivated Enteromorpha clathrata. Other bioremediation mechanisms of seaweed inhibiting the red tide microalgae such as nutrients competition and allelopathic effects were also discussed.     

沙蚕在海洋滩涂生境修复中的应用与展望

近年来,大量废弃物正在污染近岸水域,水域富营养化加速,滩涂生态脆弱性日益明显,寻找适宜的修复滩涂的途径迫在眉睫。沙蚕为海洋底栖多毛类动物的优势类群和多样性最为丰富的科。本文介绍了常见沙蚕的分类地位、生态习性、生物学和生态学特点以及在滩涂修复中的地位,着重阐述了沙蚕增养殖技术研究及其发展现状、沙蚕修复生境的机制、实践效果与种类选择,展望了沙蚕修复海洋滩涂生境的前景。     

除草剂阿特拉津在土壤中降解方式的研究现状

阿特拉津作为除草剂大面积使用,在提高作物产量的同时,对土壤、地下水和江河湖泊等环境造成了污染。虽然阿特拉津的毒性较低,但其易溶于水、难降解、残留较大,影响作物产量,牵制中国农业的可持续发展。文章对阿特拉津残留量过大时对当地动植物造成的危害,对生态环境产生的威胁,以及对人类健康产生的影响展开综述。报告了阿特拉津的吸附机理与残留原因,阐述了其对动植物产生的影响,将现有的阿特拉津降解方式进行比较和分析,并对阿特拉津降解的未来趋势进行讨论和展望。为解决生物修复技术周期长等问题,结合不同降解方式提出了建设性的意见和建议。将物理修复技术、生物修复技术、化学修复技术相结合,可以找出对阿特拉津残留降解效果最好、有利于当今可持续发展理念的修复技术。