耐镉促生根瘤菌的鉴定及其对镉的吸附特性

微生物在镉(Cd)污染农田土壤的生物修复上具有应用潜力,然而目前仍缺少有价值的微生物,且从种类繁多的微生物群体中鉴定出有价值的Cd生物修复候选者具有一定挑战性。以前期筛选获得的植物生长促进微生物AXY1菌株为研究对象,通过形态特征和系统发育学分析对该菌株进行初步鉴定,并对其生长条件进行优化,进一步考察其对Cd的耐受、吸附和活化特性。经鉴定该菌株为根瘤菌(Rhizobium pusense),最适生长温度在35℃左右,最适生长pH在7.0左右;菌株对Cd的耐受性达120 mg·L~(-1),对碳酸镉的活化率为9.21%。批次吸附实验结果显示,在pH 7.0、生物量为1.0 g·L~(-1)(湿质量)、初始Cd~(2+)浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)和吸附时间4 h条件下,菌株表现出最高的吸附率41.98%。等温线模型拟合结果显示,菌株的吸附数据符合Langmuir模型,表明菌株以单层生物吸附为主。解吸实验结果显示,菌株以离子交换形式(46.94%)为主对Cd~(2+)进行吸附。SEM-EDS和FTIR分析结果显示,在吸附过程中,Cd~(2+)可能与菌株表面配体(-OH、 -NH、 -COOH等)发生相互作用。该研究结果表明,AXY1菌株具有较高的Cd耐性和吸附特性,可用于Cd污染农田土壤的生物修复。     

多氯联苯(PCBs)污染土壤的生物修复

多氯联苯(PCBs)是一类持久性有机污染物(POPs),因氯原子取代位置和数量的不同共有209种同系物。近年来,土壤中的PCBs污染问题已引起人们的广泛关注。由于PCBs具有高分子稳定性、低水溶性和颗粒相高吸附势,土壤基质中PCBs的去除极其困难。此外,PCBs的高憎水性和亲脂性使之易于在动物体脂肪组织和母乳富集。生物修复技术是指利用生物有机体(绿色植物、微生物和动物)的作用将环境中污染物转化为无害或低毒产物的过程。生物修复技术具有成本低、高效和环境安全等特征,被认为是可替代传统的土壤污染修复技术的最佳选择之一。因此,通过综述国内外土壤PCBs污染现状和健康效应,以及土壤PCBs污染的生物修复最新研究进展和相关修复机理,对微生物修复、植物修复和蚯蚓修复目前存在的问题和后续研究方向进行了讨论及展望,以期为今后生物修复PCBs污染土壤提供有益参考。     

细菌对南明河水中氮磷的富集效果

为筛选具有较高富集能力的细菌,为贵阳南明河水处理提供参考,采用硝化细菌和反硝化细菌对南明河水进行处理,分析处理后水体的pH、COD、总磷及总氮变化。结果表明:处理14d后,水体中的总氮含量降为6.33mg/L左右,去除率达75%,总磷降至0.3 mg/L,去除率接近70%,除氮磷效果明显。贵阳南明河水的pH呈碱性,处理前后水体pH无明显变化,COD从28mg/L降至20mg/L左右。     

土壤的石油污染研究进展

当今土壤的石油污染是一种较为普遍的现象。土壤石油污染的治理是学术界研究的热点领域，从石油污染的微生物降解。在土壤中的吸附，解吸与迁移。对作物的影响及生物修复方面介绍了国内外的有关研究现状及其发展趋势。     

影响土壤中异噁草酮生物修复效果的因子研究

以玉米为指示植物,在设置不同的土壤湿度、添加不同的肥料和采用不同的接菌方式等条件下,通过作物的形态和生理指标系统地评价了(X、Y1、W2)3种微生物降解土壤中异噁草酮的效果。结果表明,当土壤湿度为田间持水量50%时,3个菌株对异噁草酮的降解效果均最好;在处理90d内,随着降解时间的延长,加入降解菌的处理对土壤的修复效果明显好于对照;添加肥料能够显著提高降解菌对土壤的修复作用,其中添加无机肥的降解效果明显好于有机肥。咽恶咽恶     

Comparative Assessment of Nitrogen Concentration Effect on Microalgal Growth and Biochemical Characteristics of Two Chlorella Strains Cultivated in Digestate

Microalgae have been recently recognized as a promising alternative for the effective treatment of anaerobic digestion effluents. However, to date, a widely applied microalgae-based process is still absent, due to several constraints mainly attributed to high ammonia concentrations and turbidity, both hindering microalgal growth. Within this scope, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the performance of two Chlorella strains, SAG 211-11b and a local Algerian isolate, under different nitrogen levels, upon ammonia stripping. The experiments were performed on cylindrical photobioreactors under controlled pH (7.8 ± 0.2) and temperature (25 ± 2 °C). Cultures were monitored for biomass production and substrate consumption. After sampling at the beginning of the stationary phase of growth (12th day) and after the maturation of the cells (24th day), an analysis of the produced biomass was conducted, in terms of its biochemical components. The local isolate grew better than C. vulgaris 211-11b, resulting in 1.43 mg L⁻¹ biomass compared to 1.02 mg L⁻¹ under 25 mg NH₄-N L⁻¹, while organic carbon and nutrient consumption varied between the two strains and different conditions. Concerning biomass quality, a high initial NH₄-N concentration led to high protein content, while low nitrogen levels favored fatty acid (FA) accumulation, though the production of pigments was inhibited. In particular, the protein content of the final biomass was determined close to 45% of the dry weight in all experimental scenarios with adequate nitrogen, while proteins decreased, and the fatty acids approached 20% in the case of the local isolate grown on the substrate with the lowest initial ammonium nitrogen (25 mg NH₄-N L⁻¹). The novelty of the present work lies in the comparison of a microalga with industrial applications against a local isolate of the same species, which may prove to be even more robust and profitable.     

真江蓠对氨氮去除效率与吸收动力学研究

以真江蓠(Gracilaria asiatica)为实验材料,在实验室水平上测定了真江蓠培养密度对NH4-N去除效率和吸收速率的影响,比较了真江蓠在氮半饥饿和氮饱和状态下的氨氮吸收动力学特征以及不同起始浓度NH4-N对其吸收速率的影响.结果表明:真江蓠密度为2～24 g·L-1时,5 h内随着藻体密度增大和实验时间延长,真江蓠去氨氮能力也增强.当藻体密度为24g·L-1时,真江蓠在5 h内去除氨氮效率最高,达到99.77%.各种藻体密度在起始阶段保持较高吸收速率(30～41 μmol·g-1·h-1),随后藻体密度与吸收速率呈反比关系,其最低藻体密度组(2 g·L-1)在3 h和5 h吸收速率最大,分别为28.33 μmol·g-1·h-1和18.85μmol·g-1·h-1.在起始浓度梯度实验中,氮半饥饿和氮饱和真江蓠吸收氨氮的最大吸收速率和半饱和常数在1 h均达到最高值,分别为116.47、159.40μmol·g-1·h-1和439.70、913.61 μmol·g-1·h-1.之后随着培养时间的延长而降低.氮半饥饿和氮饱和真江蓠对NH4-N的吸收差别不显著;当氨氮浓度为300～500μmol·L-1时,氮半饥饿的真江蓠在起始1 h内有一个快速吸收阶段(40.7～102.1μmol·g-1·h-1),吸收速率与NH4-N浓度几乎成正比,此时不符合米氏动力学饱和方程,而在低N浓度下(100～200μmol·L-1),藻体对NH4-N的吸收则没有出现这种现象;随着培养时间延长,直到NH4-N浓度达到一定限度时,吸收速率可达到一极大值而符合米氏动力学饱和方程.该研究结果为大规模栽培真江蓠净化水体和生态修复提供了理论依据.     

诺卡氏菌与假丝酵母的跨界融合及对退化养殖生态的修复

运用溶菌酶和蜗牛酶破细胞壁，PEG和Ca^2 促融的方法完成了诺卡氏菌和假丝酵母的跨界融合，得到具有亲本优势的融合细胞二株：GW01和GW02，通过菌落形态比较，抗生素抗性鉴定，耐热性和耐酸性比较，生长速率对比的分析，可确定其为真正的融合细胞，融合细胞较亲本细胞对水体和水质的适应范围更广，降解速率更快，能大幅去除养殖水体环境中的COD，NH4^ ,NO2^-,PO4^3-等，稳定pH，提高水中DO及水体生态环境中微生物和浮游生物的生物多样性，减少换水量，从而改善养殖生态环境，促进养殖生产。     

A preliminary evaluation of physiological filtration variables for Crassostrea corteziensis (Hertlein, 1951) and Anadara tuberculosa (Sowerby, 1833) in shrimp aquaculture effluents

This study examined the main filtration variables [filtration rate ( FR ), clearance rate ( CR ) and assimilation efficiency ( AE )] of the Cortez oyster, Crassostrea corteziensis (Hertlein, 1951), and the mud cockle, Anadara tuberculosa (Sowerby, 1833), in shrimp aquaculture effluents at three different flux velocities (1.5, 3 and 4.5 L h⁻¹) using a 36-respirometer system, each with a 0.5 L capacity. Under inverted photoperiod conditions, free variations in the environmental parameters were allowed to mimic effluent conditions during a pair of 12-h trials. The FR s for both species (0.124, 0.328 and 0.402 L h⁻¹ for the Cortez oyster; 0.093, 0.189 and 0.345 L h⁻¹ for the mud cockle) were relatively low as compared with those reported for similar or related species. The CR s were higher for the Cortez oyster (20.04, 52.92 and 64.70 L h⁻¹) than for the mud cockle (10.96, 22.95 and 42.12 L h⁻¹); in both cases, the values were in the range reported previously for the last species. The AE for both mollusks (over 92% for the Cortez oyster and over 95% for the mud cockle) was very high and greater than that found by other authors for the same or related species. The three filtration variables were better at higher effluent flux velocities. These preliminary results strongly suggest that both species are good candidates to be considered for bioremediation of aquaculture effluents.     

联苯菊酯降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其降解特性

【目的】筛选高效降解联苯菊酯菌株,为环境中联苯菊酯的生物修复提供菌种资源。【方法】采用室内培养法,从湖南某农药厂下水道污泥中,以联苯菊酯作为唯一碳源进行摇瓶培养筛选,以降解率作为评价指标确定高效菌株,根据生理生化特性和16SrDNA对菌株进行鉴定,并对降解的最佳温度、pH、接种量和联苯菊酯质量浓度进行了筛选。【结果】获得1株革兰氏阴性好氧杆状菌,经鉴定为戴尔福特菌(Delftiatsuruhatensis),命名为HLB-1。在pH7.0、30℃、接种量100mL/L、120r/min的条件下培养5d,菌株HLB-1对200mg/L联苯菊酯的降解率可达74.5%。获得的高效降解联苯菊酯菌株,其最佳降解条件为pH7.0,30℃,接种量100mL/L,联苯菊酯质量浓度为250mg/L。【结论】获得了1株联苯菊酯降解菌HLB-1,其具有一定的生产应用潜力,可作为环境中联苯菊酯农药生物修复的候选菌株。