均匀电场下两株多环芳烃降解菌在土壤中的迁移及电动注入

采用电动注入装置,研究了枯草芽孢杆菌和白腐真菌在均匀电场作用下在土壤中的迁移特征,以及这两种微生物电动注入的效果。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌和白腐真菌可通过电泳和电渗两种作用在电场下迁移,电泳起主导作用,微生物向阳极迁移为主。在所研究土壤中,微生物的迁移速率分别为：枯草芽孢杆菌13.5cm·d-1,白腐真菌18.0cm·d-1。采用循环混合电解液可使土壤中pH值保持中性,有利于提高微生物的存活。相比于定期变换电场方向,保持电场单向运行可使微生物在土壤中分布更均匀。     

复合菌群的构建及其对石油污染土壤修复的研究

从石油污染土壤中富集分离、筛选出3株高效降解石油的微生物菌株,通过生理生化特性研究及16SrRNA基因序列分析,确定3株菌均属于红球菌属（Rhodococcus sp）,研究和比较了它们与实验室保存的4株菌（分别属于Gordonia sp,Comamonas sp,Pesudomonas sp）降解石油的能力。这7株菌株对石油的不同组分具有不同的降解能力,对7株菌进行不同的组合用以研究复合菌群对石油的降解。结果表明,由两株Rhodococcus sp,一株Gordonia sp和一株Pesudomonas sp组成的复合菌群D,降解石油的能力超过任何单一菌株和其他组合菌群。混合菌群D在5d的培养中能降解70.3%的石油总量和71.4%的芳香化合物。混合菌群D能降解99.8%的C13-19烷烃,92.6%的C20-26烷烃,82.2%的C27-32烷烃以及90.2%的植烷。在实验室模拟条件下,对土壤中石油的降解率达到50%以上。降解土壤中石油的最适温度为10～30℃、pH值为6.5～9.5,接种量需要在106CFU·g-1以上。     

盐渍化土壤中土著菌的石油烃降解潜力研究

自盐渍化地区(黄河三角洲)采集4种不同石油污染程度的土壤样品,从中筛选出高效降解石油烃的4个菌系和8个单菌株.分别以原油、柴油、烷烃和多环芳烃(PAHs)为底物进行培养,测定降解菌的生物量和降解率,研究其对不同底物的耐受浓度和降解潜力.结果表明,获得的石油烃降解菌为轻度嗜盐菌;不同菌株对不同底物的耐受浓度不同,混合菌系对不同底物的降解能力强于单菌株,对单一组分底物的降解优于复杂组分的底物;单菌株1-2、3、5、7能较好地降解PAHs并且对原油的降解能力高于柴油,单菌株1-1、4、6、8能够利用烷烃且对柴油的降解能力要比原油高;降解菌对柴油和原油的最高降解率分别可达78.4%和70.7%,对正十六烷和菲的生物降解率分别高达87.7%和88.1%,表现出较强的降解能力.研究结果表明黄河三角洲盐渍化土壤中土著菌对石油烃污染土壤具有较强的生物修复潜力.     

降解甲氰菊酯光合细菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性研究

采用富集分离法从农药厂污泥中分离到一株能降解甲氰菊酯(fenpropathrin)的光合细菌新菌株PSB07-15,通过形态特征、生理生化特征以及对16S rDNA序列(Genbank Accession N0.EU005383)进行了同源比较、鉴定.结果表明,该菌株为沼泽红假单孢菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris).生长特性和甲氰菊酯降解实验结果表明,该菌株的最适生长温度为30℃,最适pH为6.5.该菌以共代谢方式降解甲氰菊酯,对甲氰菊酯的最高耐受浓度为600 mg·L-1,培养15 d对600 mg·L-1甲氰菊酯降解率达35.26%.通过GC-MS对降解产物进行了分析,结果显示间苯氧基苯乙腈是展出惟一的降解产物,推测该菌的降解途径是可能作用于甲氰菊酯的酯键处.本研究工作为利用光合细菌进行生物修复提供了理论依据.     

Effect of Sodium Chloride Salinity on Growth and Ion Accumulation in Some Halophytes

Abstract

Effects of salinity on biomass production, water content, and ion accumulation pattern in Atriplex amnicola P. G. Wilson, Atriplex calotheca L., Atriplex hortensis L., Chenopodium album L., Salsola kali L., and Suaeda nudiflora Moq. (all Chenopodiaceae) have been studied. The plants survived and exhibited no toxicity symptoms up to 6000 mg L^?1 NaCl treatment. Ion composition was variable in plants grown under different salinity treatments. Salinity, except in Suaeda nudiflora where the least biomass was produced in control, affected all other species negatively, and they produced the least biomass at high salinity treatment. Shoot water content of Suaeda nudiflora and Chenopodium album increased significantly in response to salinity. Among all the species examined here, maximum sodium (Na⁺) accumulation was recorded for Suaeda nudiflora, and it increased with the increasing salinity. This study concluded that among all the species tested, Suaeda nudiflora was most suitable plant for bioremediation of salt‐contaminated soils.     

Biomass Production,Forage Quality,and Cation Uptake of Quail Bush,Four‐Wing Saltbush,and Seaside Barley irrigated with Moderately Saline–Sodic Water

Abstract: Beneficial use of water of impaired quality has gained attention globally as society's demand for domestic quality water has increased. Additionally, concerns about the environmental implications of disposal of water of impaired quality have necessitated assessment of alternatives to disposal of such water. The study reported here investigated capacity of Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats. (Quail bush), Atriplex X aptera A. Nels. (pro sp.) (Wytana four‐wing saltbush), and Hordeum marinum Huds. (seaside barley) to produce biomass and crude protein and take up cations when irrigated with moderately saline–sodic water, in the presence of a shallow water table. Water tables were established at 0.38, 0.76, and 1.14 m below the surface in sand‐filled columns. The columns were then planted to the study species. Study plants were irrigated for 224 days; irrigation water was supplied every 7 days equal to water lost to evapotranspiration (ET) plus 100 mL (the volume of water removed in the most previous soil solution sampling). Water representing one of two irrigation sources was used: Powder River (PR) [electrical conductivity (EC) = 0.19 Sm^?1, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) = 3.5 (mmol_c L^?1)^1/2 ] or coalbed natural gas (CBNG) wastewater [EC = 0.35 Sm^?1, SAR = 10.5 (mmol_c L^?1)^1/2]. Biomass production did not differ significantly between water quality treatments but did differ significantly among species and water table depth within species. Averaged across water quality treatments, Hordeum marinum produced 79% more biomass than A. lentiformis and 122% more biomass than Atriplex X aptera, but contained only 11% crude protein compared to 16% crude protein in A. lentiformis and 14% crude protein in Atriplex X aptera. Atriplex spp. grown in columns with the water table at 0.38 m depth produced more biomass, took up less calcium (Ca²⁺) on a percentage basis [(g Ca²⁺ g^?1 biomass) ×100], and took up more sodium (Na⁺) on a percentage basis than when grown with the water table at a deeper depth. Uptake of cations by Atriplex lentiformis was approximately twice the uptake of cations by Atriplex X aptera and three times that of H. marinum. After 224 days of irrigation, crop growth, and cation uptake, followed by biomass harvest, EC and SAR of shallow groundwater in columns planted to A. lentiformis were less than EC and SAR of shallow ground water in columns planted to either of the other species.     

硝酸盐污染地下水原位碳源注入生物修复优化方案研究

以北京某场地生活垃圾填埋场硝酸盐污染地下水为研究对象,针对原位生物修复技术,建立生物耦合Monod(RT3D)溶质运移模型。利用遗传算法(GA)和模拟退火法(SA)对地下水硝酸盐污染羽治理区开展了碳源(乙醇)注入备选井方案和原位生物修复系统进行模拟优化研究。优化结果表明,在满足硝酸盐氮浓度降低到10mg·L-1的目标下,GA和SA两种优化方案均优化确定相同的3口碳源注入井,比原设计节省15口井。100d后硝酸盐氮生物降解总量去除率分别为90.78%和84.51%。碳源注入井的布置方式呈三角点布置,且上游点的碳源注入量大于其他两点注入量。原位生物修复两种优化算法对比表明SA优化系统治理成本比GA节省1.46%,且收敛性强,波动性小,但计算时间较长。     

丁草胺降解菌P10的分离鉴定及其对植株修复效果的研究

通过富集培养技术从长期受丁草胺污染的污泥中分离出一株丁草胺高效降解细菌,命名为P10,经形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列同源性分析,将该菌株鉴定为克雷白氏杆菌属(klebsiella sp.)。P10在30℃,pH 7.0条件下7 d可降解89.6%的丁草胺;在28℃,16 h光照和8 h黑暗的条件下培养10 d,该菌株对药害植株修复效果明显。     

Reed Canarygrass Forage Yield and Nutrient Uptake on a Year-round Wastewater Application Site

Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) is often planted at wastewater treatment sites to provide ground cover and remove nutrients. Our overall objective was to determine the forage yield and nutrient uptake under year-round potato wastewater application in northern latitudes. Specifically, we determined the effect of N fertilization rate on forage dry matter yield and N and P uptake by reed canarygrass, and compared the forage yield, persistence and nutrient uptake of reed canarygrass relative to those of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), smooth bromegrass (Bromis inermis Leyss), timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and quackgrass [Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski]. With only wastewater application, reed canarygrass had a forage yield of 5.8 Mg ha⁻¹, with N and P uptake of 113 and 30 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. Forage dry matter yield, N uptake and P uptake increased to 14.5 Mg ha⁻¹, 383 kg ha⁻¹ and 64 kg ha⁻¹, respectively, with an N fertilization rate of 224 kg ha⁻¹. Forage yield and N uptake of reed canarygrass, orchardgrass, timothy and smooth bromegrass were similar and exceeded those of quackgrass. Reed canarygrass P uptake exceeded that of the other grasses. Reed canarygrass was less persistent than quackgrass or smooth bromegrass.     

Behaviour and assessment of bioavailability of organic contaminants in soil: relevance for risk assessment and remediation

Abstract. Soils contaminated with organic chemicals are now widespread in industrialized and developing countries, and the risk assessment and remediation of such contaminated sites is a priority. However, containment and remediation strategies are complicated in many cases by the range of contaminants present and the historical nature of the contamination. Research has increased our understanding of the behaviour of organic contaminants in soil and the factors that control their behaviour. There is a fundamental need to understand and, where possible, quantify the bioavailable fraction as well as the total concentration of contaminant present in soil: the bioavailable fraction is key to toxicity or biodegradation. To quantify these fractions, a large number of techniques have been employed, ranging from organic and aqueous based solvent extractions to the use of biota. Many studies have been carried out investigating the use of chemical techniques to describe bioavailability, which could be used in the assessment and remediation of contaminated land. The aim of this review is to consider the behaviour of organic contaminants in soil, highlighting issues of bioavailability, and then to discuss the relevance of the various methods for assessing risk and potential remediation of organic contaminants in soil.