石油烃污染土壤生物修复工程实例

针对江苏某原油管道泄露石油污染土壤开展了修复治理工程,修复土方量共计4902.5m3,工程采用异位生物修复对石油烃污染土壤进行了无害化处理,所用生物修复药剂为森诺公司自主研发的营养盐。工程结果表明:对于该项目初始浓度约为45000mg/kg的石油烃污染土壤,通过森诺自研发营养元素刺激土著菌的生长,在适宜条件下,土壤中的石油烃能够达到项目的修复目标值(≤4500mg/kg)。工程项目石油烃污染土壤生物降解最优条件为:药剂投加比为2%,pH值为中性7,含水率为35%,降解时间为90d;增加药剂投加量和降解时间能提高污染土壤中石油烃的去除率,在土壤含水率为20%～50%或pH值为6～8的范围内,过高或过低的土壤含水率和pH值会抑制生物对土壤中石油烃的微生物降解。     

高原区近自然河道生态治理模式研究及应用*

 随着社会经济的快速发展,人类对生态环境的需求和期望也越来越高,由于高原地区近自然河道自身的特点,单一的工程措施给当地生态环境带来了巨大的压力。本文在阐述高原近自然河道自然特性和生态河道治理内涵的基础上,从水利功能和生态功能的角度,提出了原生态型、工程生态型、生物修复型3种河道生态治理模式及不同模式适用条件,对高原地区河道的生态恢复、建设和管理具有一定的指导意义。     

除草剂阿特拉津污染地下水的生物治理研究

利用从农药厂阿特拉津生产车间排污口污泥中分离出的菌种AT菌，进行了农药阿特拉津污染地下水的微生物治理模拟实验研究。结果表明，在实验条件(t=10℃，pH＝7．5)与野外含水层的条件基本一致的情况下，难于生物降解的污染物质阿特拉津的一次投菌降解率达到26．29％；同时环境因素也随着AT菌作用的变化而变化，其中，DO、Eh、pH随AT菌作用的加强而其值减小。另外，设计了细菌的投放方式以模拟野外条件下的菌种投加条件。模拟实验为野外的原位治理提供了理论和方法依据。     

Effects of inoculation with stress-adapted arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus deserticola on growth of Solanum melogena L. and Sorghum sudanese Staph. seedlings under salinity and heavy metal stress conditions

The beneficial effects of a Glomus deserticola strain isolated from the rhizosphere of grasses (belonging to Poaceae family) growing along the industrial waste from a distillery were investigated under stress conditions. The study was conducted to assess the efficacy of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal ecotype in salinity and heavy metal (HM) tolerance of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) in soils amended with various stress levels of NaCl, zinc and cadmium. Mycorrhizal (M) seedlings produced a significantly (p < 0.05) greater growth response and were more tolerant to salt and HM stresses than nonmycorrhizal (NM) seedlings in all treatments. The HM contents in the plant tissues were significantly higher in M than NM eggplants. Furthermore, when the efficacy was compared with other AM isolates in HM-polluted soils with Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanese Staph.) as a test plant, the AM ecotype responded best to these soils, as evident from the significantly greater growth response and its aggressiveness in colonizing roots in all soil types tested. These results suggest that this G. deserticola ecotype can be used as an effective tool to alleviate the adverse effects of excessive salinity and HM toxicity on plant growth. Finally, the isolate may have potential in the bioremediation of polluted soils.     

微生物降解四环素类抗生素的研究进展

随着抗生素在养殖行业使用加剧,施用粪肥导致的抗生素污染问题日趋严重,微生物降解抗生素作为解决这一问题的有效途径受到人们的广泛关注。本文综述了四环素类抗生素（TCs）的降解方法和微生物降解四环素类抗生素的研究现状,并对微生物降解四环素类抗生素的影响因素、降解路径以及其降解的分子机制进行了详细介绍。在此基础上,对微生物降解四环素类抗生素从实验室研究到实际生产应用进行了展望,指出了未来研究关注的重点。本文以期为人们深入认识四环素类抗生素的微生物修复提供参考,同时为四环素类抗生素的污染修复提供思路。     

有机污染土壤生物修复效果的限制因素及提升措施

土壤中的有机污染物主要来源于有机农药、石油污染、工业生产等,其对生态环境和人体健康造成了极大的危害。受有机物污染的土壤能通过物理、化学、生物等一系列的修复技术进行治理,其中生物修复技术被认为是处理有机污染土壤最有效、经济且环境友好的修复技术,但其修复效率受诸多因素影响。本文从气候地理条件、有机污染物的存在形态和土壤自身环境与营养3个方面系统地分析了生物修复技术的限制因素,并从物种选择、生物有效性提升（引入微生物或土壤动物、添加表面活性剂和有机溶剂）及稳定生态系统的构建（添加生物炭、营养补充剂,采用电强化生物修复技术）3个角度科学地提出了提升生物修复技术效率的方法,最后对加强有机物污染土壤复合修复技术的研究进行了展望。     

The effectiveness of a commercial microbial product in poorly prepared tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), ponds

The efficacy of a commercial microbial product was tested in commercial tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), ponds for one culture period in Kuala Selangor, Malaysia. Four ponds with replicates for treatment and control were used. The pond bottom was dried but the organic sludge was not removed as normally practised in pond preparation. The ponds were stocked with 15 post‐larvae at the rate of 31.m^?2. Physical, chemical and biological parameters of the pond were analysed every 2 weeks during the culture period. Water quality parameters remained within the optimum range for shrimp culture except for ammonia‐nitrogen being significantly higher in control ponds and silica in treated ponds. Benthic organisms were not found in any of the ponds. The average counts of different bacteria were not significantly higher in treated ponds than control. Because of poor health, the shrimp were harvested earlier (72 days) than the usual 120 days. An average of 875.60 ± 67.00 kg shrimp ha^?1 was obtained in treated ponds with a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.57 ± 0.10 and survival rate of 42.35 ± 5.37% compared with 719.50 ± 130.94 kg shrimp ha^?1, 2.99 ± 0.70 and 21.25 ± 3.26%, respectively, in control ponds. Neither the microbial product nor the frequent water exchange was effective in overcoming the problems caused by the poor pond bottom.     

Amelioration of calcareous saline sodic soils through phytoremediation and chemical strategies

Abstract. The worldwide occurrence of saline sodic and sodic soils on more than half a billion hectares warrants attention for their efficient, inexpensive and environmentally acceptable management. These soils can be ameliorated by providing a source of calcium (Ca²⁺) to replace excess sodium (Na⁺) from the cation exchange sites. Although chemical amendments have long been used to ameliorate such soils, the chemical process has become costly during the last two decades in several developing countries. As a low‐cost and environmentally acceptable strategy, the cultivation of certain salt tolerant forage species on calcareous sodic and saline sodic soils, i.e. phytoremediation, has gained interest among scientists and farmers in recent years. In a field study conducted at three calcareous saline sodic sites (pH_s=8.1–8.8, EC_e=7.8–12.5 dS m^–1, SAR=30.6–76.1) in the Indus Plains of Pakistan, we compared chemical and phytoremediation methods. There were four treatments; two involved plants: Kallar grass (Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth), and sesbania (Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight). The other two treatments were uncropped: soil application of gypsum and an untreated control. All treatments were irrigated with canal water (EC=0.22–0.28 dS m^–1). The plant species were grown for one season (5–6 months). Sesbania produced more forage yield (34 t ha^–1) than Kallar grass (23 t ha^–1). Phytoremediation and chemical treatments resulted in similar decreases in soil salinity and sodicity, indicating that phytoremediation may replace or supplement the more costly chemical approach. The soil amelioration potential of sesbania was similar to that of the Kallar grass, which suggests that moderately saline sodic calcareous soils can be improved by growing a forage legume with market value.     

Preliminary assessment of large‐scale co‐culture of sandfish (Holothuria scabra) with the Babylon snail (Babylonia areolata) in earthen ponds and in raceways

Holothuria scabra (sandfish) and Babylonia areolata were trialed in two large‐scale co‐culture experiments. Experiment 1 assessed co‐culture in 4 × 400 m² earthen ponds where Babylonia were cultured in a central pen at a density of 400 individuals/m² with sandfish occupying the remaining pond space at 1.1 individuals/m². Sandfish grew from 18.20 ± 6.67 g to 119.03 ± 17.74 g in 92 days and Babylonia (fed trash fish in both experiments) grew from 0.90 ± 0.38 g to 4.93 ± 1.44 g, but Babylonia growth was not increased in co‐culture compared to monoculture. Water and sediment quality varied between co‐culture and monoculture ponds. Neither showed clear improvement due to sandfish culture. Experiment 2 compared non‐segregated sandfish‐Babylonia co‐culture with Babylonia monoculture in 20 m² concrete raceways. Sandfish were cultured at 2 individuals/m² and Babylonia at 300 individuals/m². Sandfish grew up to 1.91 g.day^?1 with 100% survival. Babylonia weight gain was significantly greater in co‐culture raceways (3.35 ± 0.64 g over 61 days), which was double that of Babylonia in monoculture. Substrate total N was reduced by 20% in co‐culture compared with monoculture (p = .032). This provisional study of commercial scale sandfish‐Babylonia co‐culture demonstrates culture compatibility, providing a basis for further system development.     

Use of saline–sodic waters through phytoremediation of calcareous saline–sodic soils

Use of poor-quality groundwater has become inevitable for irrigation to compensate rapidly increasing water demands in many arid and semiarid regions. Salinity and sodicity are the principal soil and water quality concerns in such areas. Many saline–sodic and sodic soils have saline or saline–sodic subsurface drainage waters. Amelioration of these soils needs a source of calcium (Ca²⁺) that can replace the excess exchangeable sodium (Na⁺). Most of these soils, however, contain calcite (CaCO₃) of extremely low solubility. The native calcite does not supply adequate levels of Ca²⁺ for soil amelioration as do other chemical amendments. Phytoremediation may help ameliorate such soils through cultivation of certain crops tolerant to ambient soil salinity and sodicity. This amelioration strategy works through plant root action to help dissolve CaCO₃ to supply adequate Ca²⁺ without the application of an amendment. During a 3-year field experiment conducted under irrigated conditions, we evaluated phytoremediation against soil application of gypsum and farm manure, and water treatment with sulphuric acid on a calcareous saline–sodic soil (pH_s=8.0–8.4, EC_e=24–32 dS m⁻¹, SAR=57–78, CaCO₃=45–50 g kg⁻¹ for the top 0.15 m depth; Calcic Haplosalids). A saline–sodic water (EC=2.9–3.4 dS m⁻¹, SAR=12.0–19.4, RSC=4.6–10.0 mmol_c l⁻¹, SAR_adj=15.6–18.4) was used to irrigate the rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops grown in rotation. Active desalinisation and desodication processes were observed in all the treatments. After the final wheat crop, the 1.2 m soil profile EC_e was 7±0.5 dS m⁻¹ and SAR was 15±2 with non-significant treatment differences, indicating comparable soil amelioration effect of phytoremediation with other treatments. Better crop yields were obtained from the manure-treated plots, owing to its annual addition to the soil that possibly improved soil fertility. Phytoremediation needed minimum capital input because no initial investment was made to purchase the amendments.