玉米秸秆循环流化床气化炉气化工艺参数优化

为实现秸秆类农业生物质废弃物的高效清洁能源化转化利用,采用带有二级返料系统的循环流化床气化炉对玉米秸秆进行了气化试验。在二级返料系统开启及闭合条件下,选取空气当量比为0.20～0.35,研究空气当量比对玉米秸秆气化特性的影响,结果表明二级返料系统开启及闭合两种工况均在空气当量比为0.26时取得较优值,二级返料系统开启时具有较好的气化效果,碳转化率与气化效率最大值分别达到93.54%与77.06%。在二级返料系统开启状态下,试验研究了水蒸气配比对玉米秸秆气化特性的影响,结果表明以空气为主气化介质,辅助以水蒸气气化,可以有效改善气化燃气品质,提升气化效率。当空气当量比为0.26、水蒸气配比为0.2时,玉米秸秆空气—水蒸气气化具有较好的气化特性,燃气热值与气化效率分别达到最大值5.89MJ/m3与81.45%。典型工况条件下的焦油蒸馏馏分分析结果表明,提高气化炉反应温度,并保持一定的水蒸气气化环境,可促进焦油裂解转化。试验可为秸秆类生物质的高效清洁转化利用提供参考依据。     

膨润土褐铁矿改性白云石催化松木棒气化工艺优化

针对白云石催化剂在生物质催化气化过程中易碎、易产生积碳失活问题,为提高其催化活性、抗积碳和再生性能,采用固定床下吸式气化炉试验系统,以Fe-Dol-Ben(膨润土/褐铁矿改性白云石)为催化剂,松木屑废料经成型为棒状颗粒为原料,进行高温水蒸气催化气化试验。研究气化温度(700～1000℃)、铁含量(质量分数为5%～20%)以及催化剂使用次数(1～4)等因素对松木棒催化气化性能及催化剂表面积碳影响。试验结果表明,水蒸气和松木棒的质量比(气料比)为1,催化剂的铁质量分数为15%,气化温度为900℃时气化气中氢气的体积分数达到最大值58.38%,Fe-Dol-Ben催化剂积碳量随气化温度升高逐渐减小,试验区间内1 000℃时达到最小值,较700℃减少了80%。气化气中氢气的体积分数随铁含量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,积碳量呈先降低后增加,在铁质量分数为15%催化效果较好。Fe-Dol-Ben催化剂较相同条件下分别用膨润土及改性前白云石催化时积碳量分别减少了80.6%和53.6%。对催化剂进行再生再利用试验表明,使用后的Fe-Dol-Ben催化剂进行700℃煅烧再生后,其晶相与催化前基本相同,将其多次再生循环利用,随着使用次数的增加气化气中氢气的体积分数逐渐降低,催化剂的积碳量逐渐增大,使用4次并用于催化气化时氢气的体积分数仍接近50%,保持较好催化效果。综合气化效果、积碳量及经济性因素,Fe-Dol-Ben铁质量分数为15%,气化温度选取900℃为较理想工况。该研究可为改性白云石Fe-Dol-Ben催化剂的研制及生物质高温水蒸汽催化气化技术提供参考。     

Surface cast production by the earthworm Aporrectodea nocturna in a pre-alpine meadow in Switzerland

Field and laboratory experiments were carried out to describe the effects of Aporrectodea nocturna on soil characteristics in a pre-alpine meadow and to support the development of a model of cast production. In the prealpine meadow, increased cast production, first observed about 20 years ago around a newly planted hedge, was recorded to a distance of maximal 170 m from the hedge. Numbers of A. nocturna between 130 and 165 m from the hedge decreased from 164 to 16 individuals m^-2. In the same area cast production steadily decreased from about 1.5 kg m^-2 week^-1 to nil, the plant community structure changed and the microbial biomass decreased, but the root biomass and the moisture content did not change. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that high cast production was not a specific feature of the A. nocturna population nor of the soil in the meadow. Diapause of A. nocturna was terminated in the laboratory during September. A model of cast production potential by the earthworm A. nocturna was established using laboratory determinations of the relationships with body weight, temperature, and water potential. The model was shown to predict cast production in the field given the assumption that the water potential was 0 MPa. According to the model, 81% of surface cast production was by juveniles, and 19% by adults of A. nocturna.     

Distribution of Microorganisms,Biomass ATP,and Enzyme Activities in Organic and Mineral Particles of a Long‐Term Wastewater Irrigated Soil

The aim of the study was to elucidate the spatial distribution of soil microorganisms and enyzme activities in a long‐term wastewater treated soil. Soil was sampled from a plough layer of the Ah horizon of a sandy Haplic Luvisol which was either (1) irrigated with municipal wastewater for almost 100 years, or (2) no more irrigated since 20 years, or (3) never received wastewater. The samples were fractionated by wet sieving to obtain seven size fractions of organic and mineral soil particles, and a separate silt+clay fraction. The individual soil samples contained between 1.2% (never irrigated) and 4.1% (long‐term irrigated) organic particles by weight, but these particles harboured up to 47.8% of the total soil carbon and 41.7% of nitrogen, and thus represented an important storage of energy and nutrient for microorganisms. In total, however, the highest C and N amounts were accumulated in the silt+clay fraction, whereas coarser mineral particles which dominanted by weight in the Haplic Luvisol were low in C and N. The highest numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi per gram of the individual soil fractions were found in organic particles of the long‐term irrigated soil. Less nutrient‐dependent oligotrophic bacteria were for the most part associated with the silt+clay fraction, irrespective of the soil treatment with wastewater. Similar to microbial counts, also the ATP content, as a measure of active microbial biomass, and the activities of β‐glucosidase, β‐acetylglucosaminidase, and proteinase were higher in the long‐term irrigated soil than in that which was never irrigated. In most cases slightly enhanced values of microbiological and biochemical parameters were still detectable 20 years after the wastewater irrigation was terminated. The values of the individual parameters decreased in all soil samples under testing in general gradually with decrease in size of the organic soil particles. In conclusion, the coarse soil organic particles > 5 mm and the silt+clay fraction < 0.05 mm represent the sites with the highest microbial inhabitance, ATP contents and enzyme activities in the Ah horizon of an Haplic Luvisol. Long‐term wastewater irrigation resulted in an increase of microbial counts, total biomass and soil enzyme activities.     

硅酸盐细菌肥料对水稻土壤微生物及肥力的影响

通过对水稻土壤连续两年施用硅酸盐细菌复合肥料,研究其对土壤微生物量和土壤理化性质的影响,结果表明,施用硅酸盐细菌肥料可提高土壤的细菌、真菌、放线菌等微生物量,增强土壤几种酶的活性,改善土壤生态,提高土壤肥力,降低土壤容重,提高阳离子代换量,增加土壤速效磷、碱解氮和速效钾的含量,且与有机肥混施效果更佳.     

Straw coverage alleviates seasonal variability of the topsoil microbial biomass and activity

Straw coverage on soil surface is a well-known practice for conserving soil and water. Seasonal variability of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and basal respiration (BR) in surface soil (0–5 cm) was compared between conventional straw removal (SR) and straw coverage (SC) in a maize (Zea mays L.) field experiment, Northeast China. The straw coverage treatment significantly increased microbial energy, carbon and nutrient sources (soil C and N contents) and improved soil physical environment (moisture and porosity), and thus stimulated MBC and BR across the growth season of maize, as compared to the straw removal treatment. MBC and BR showed similar seasonal trends in soil temperature, with maximum values in summer. In both study years, the straw coverage treatment reduced seasonal variation of soil temperature, therefore it significantly moderated seasonal variability of MBC and BR. Our results demonstrate that straw coverage contributes to stabilizing soil microbial characteristics in season.     

沉积物中微生物量与有机碳形态的相关性研究

以富营养化类型不同的乌梁素海和岱海为对象,根据水域面积及生态类型进行采样及分析测试,开展了湖泊沉积物中微生物量与有机碳形态的相关性研究,对比分析了2个湖泊沉积物微生物量的分布特征及其差异性,初步探讨了2个湖泊沉积物微生物量与含水率、pH及有机碳各形态间的相关性。结果表明,乌梁素海表层沉积物中微生物量介于5.59×10^8～32.46×10^8个·g^-1dw,平均16.36×10^8个·g^-1dw;岱海表层沉积物微生物量介于4.76×10^8～43.66×10^8个·g^-1dw,平均25.04×10^8个·g^-1dw;乌梁素海微生物量的高值区位于湖区东南部,岱海微生物量的高值区位于湖心区;2个湖泊沉积物柱芯中的微生物量均随深度增加而减少,沉积物微生物量与含水率、总氮和活性有机碳呈显著相关性。     

废弃农耕地自然演替过程中微生物群落与土壤特性间的关系

The changes of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) and microbial community in the topsoil of the abandoned agricultural land on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China during the natural succession were evaluated to understand the relationship between microbial community and soil properties. MBC and MBN were measured using fumigation extraction, and microbial community was analyzed by the method of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The contents of organic C, total N, MBC, MBN, total FAME, fungal FAME, bacterial FAME and Gram-negative bacterial FAME at the natural succession sites were higher than those of the agricultural land, but lower than those of the natural vegetation sites. The MBC, MBN and total FAME were closely correlated with organic C and total N. Furthermore, organic C and total N were found to be positively correlated with fungal FAME, bacterial FAME, fungal/bacterial and Gram-negative bacterial FAME. Natural succession would be useful for improving soil microbial properties and might be an important alternative for sustaining soil quality on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China.     

氮肥深追可提高玉米对15N的吸收、分配及利用

【目的】 利用15N示踪技术,探索不同追氮方式下玉米植株各组织器官氮素吸收、分配及氮素利用率的情况,为指导寒地玉米高产、高效施肥技术提供理论依据。 【方法】 试验以玉米品种德美亚3号为试验材料,设置不施氮肥（N0）、浅追施一次（S1）、深追施一次（D1）和深追施二次（D2）4个处理。分析了玉米氮素吸收、分配和利用特性,以及肥料贡献和残留。 【结果】 氮肥深追施处理玉米不同器官干物质积累量高于浅追,深追二次又显著高于一次（P < 0.05）;除茎外,深追二次玉米各器官氮素含量均显著高于其它处理（P < 0.05）;氮肥深追玉米各器官氮素积累量高于浅追,除茎和轴差异不显著外,根、叶和籽粒氮素积累量差异显著（P < 0.05）;深追处理15N标记氮素含量显著高于浅追（P < 0.05）,除穗轴外,其它器官间差异达到显著水平（P < 0.05）;氮素深追15N在玉米根和籽粒分配率高于浅追,在叶和轴内的分配率相反;深追一次15N在茎中的分配率高于浅追,深追二次则低于浅追。氮肥深追与浅追相比,氮素利用率分别显著提高了26.0%和14.1%（P < 0.05）;氮肥深追二次与一次相比差异也显著（P < 0.05）;土壤15N残留率深追二次和一次处理分别比浅追一次降低2.1%（P < 0.05）和1.2%,氮素损失率分别减少了23.9%和12.9%（P < 0.05）,肥料氮素贡献率深追二次和一次分别提高了3.6%（P < 0.05）和0.6%。 【结论】 氮肥深追可有效提高玉米的干物质积累、氮素吸收、分配及氮素利用率,降低土壤氮素残留率,提高氮肥的贡献率,且氮肥深追二次好于一次深追。     

近30年渭南市秸秆生物能及其分布重心变化

基于农作物草谷比系数、可收割系数和折标煤系数,测算了1978—2011年渭南市各区县秸秆资源的生物能量,利用重心模型研究了渭南市秸秆生物能的重心分布范围及其空间变化情况。结果表明,2008—2011年渭南市秸秆资源年均理论蕴藏量为3.79×106 t,年均可收集量为3.17×106 t,年均折标煤量为8.81×105 t,秸秆资源中以粮食作物秸秆为主,约占90%,其中小麦和玉米约占98%;1978—2011年渭南市秸秆生物能量呈现波动上升趋势,其整体分布重心逐渐向西南方向移动,但移动幅度逐渐变缓;依据渭南市秸秆资源相关指标的地理分布情况,将其秸秆资源能源化利用区划分为重点开发区(临渭区、大荔县、富平县),适度开发区(蒲城县、合阳县、澄城县、华县和华阴市)和不宜开发区(韩城市、潼关县、白水县);渭南市秸秆生物能工厂初步选址可定在大荔县与蒲城县交界处且较为靠近临渭区的地段。