外源生物质炭对土壤中铵态氮素滞留效应的影响

以生物质炭和黄棕壤为研究材料,通过阳离子交换量测定、铵态氮等温吸附实验以及模拟土柱淋溶,研究生物质炭对土壤铵态氮素滞留效应的影响。发现生物质炭以1%、3%和5%添加后,土壤CEC值分别增加9.4%、14.7%和19.7%,铵态氮素淋失量分别减少22%、39%和47%,氮素滞留量分别增加15%、5%和14%;同时影响氮素在土层中的分布,其中加生物质炭土壤的氮素集中在土柱上部5～7cm处,而不加生物质炭土壤集中在中部偏下9～11cm处。结果表明,生物质炭能够提高土壤对铵态氮素的吸附能力,显著降低土壤铵态氮素养分的淋失。     

沼液的园林地消解处理利用及其对土壤微生物碳、氮与酶活性的影响

近年来,沼气工程发展迅猛,产生的大量沼液处理和排放问题日益突出,成为水环境保护中亟待解决的关键问题。为研究沼液灌溉园林地土壤进行消解处理利用过程对土壤微生物碳、氮及酶活的影响,提出沼液安全排放处理的新途径,通过在江苏宜兴万石镇葡萄园基地进行大田试验,比较了不同处理下沼液消解利用过程对土壤微生物碳、氮以及土壤微生物量碳与土壤有机碳的关系,并测定了土壤几种常见酶的活性。结果表明,沼液园林地（葡萄园）消解利用过程不会降低土壤微生物碳、氮含量,地面间作黑麦草或地下安装排水管道时能显著提高土壤微生物碳、氮含量,分别提高8.70%和17.34%。沼液园林地消解利用能提高土壤微生物量碳与土壤有机碳比率,但未达到显著性水平。沼液在园林地消解利用中,只进行沼液灌溉的处理区土壤蔗糖酶活性略微下降,其他试验区土壤蔗糖酶含量较对照区显著性提高,试验区土壤脲酶也较对照区提高了数倍以上,但土壤酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶在该试验研究中未表现出较大变化。该试验仅为沼液消解处理利用的田间短期效应,沼液园林地消解利用处理对作物品质、土壤肥力和农业生产环境的综合影响仍需进行长期试验验证。     

添加秸秆对土壤矿质氮量、微生物氮量和氮总矿化速率的影响

采用室内恒温培养法,研究了在乌沙土上添加15N标记秸秆后,秸秆15N在矿质氮、微生物氮和土壤不同组分中的分配情况,并应用氮同位素库稀释法测定了秸秆在乌沙土上的氮总矿化速率。结果表明:将秸秆添加到土壤后,微生物氮量显著增加,而土壤矿质氮量在14天时迅速下降。随着秸秆的分解,秸秆15N进入矿质氮库和微生物氮库,矿质15N在第7 d时最高,占到添加秸秆15N的6.7%,微生物15N在第14 d最高,占到添加秸秆15N的18.1%,随后矿质15N和微生物15N量都下降。56 d时,仍有50.8%的秸秆氮没有分解掉,5.4%的秸秆15N进入土壤53μm~2 mm组分,15.5%进入2~53μm组分,14.6%进入小于2μm组分,有13.6%的秸秆氮损失掉。在培养开始时,乌沙土的氮总矿化速率为2.81 mg kg-1d-1,秸秆在乌沙土上的氮总矿化速率分别为2.50 mg kg-1d-1。     

不同退耕年限撂荒地植物多样性及生物量分析

退耕还林(草)作为黄土高原水土流失综合治理的主要生态建设措施,经过几十年的开展,黄土高原生态环境得到极大恢复,林草覆盖率明显增加。以安塞县纸坊沟流域为研究区,选取坡耕地(0a)为对照,研究了退耕年限(3～5,10,18,28,37a)对撂荒地植物多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明,随退耕年限的延长,物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、相同土层根长密度都表现为增大—减小—增大的趋势;植被盖度和地上生物量表现为37a>28a>18a>3～5a>10a>0a;撂荒地植被根系生物量、根长密度均随土层深度增加而减少;不同退耕年限撂荒地,相同层根系生物量表现为28a>37a>18a>3～5a>10a>0a。     

围封对流动沙丘表层土壤有机碳、全氮和活性有机碳的影响

以流动沙丘为对照,研究不同围封年限(14年和26年)下科尔沁退化沙质草地表层(0-15cm)土壤有机碳、全氮及活性有机碳的变化。结果表明:流动沙丘围封显著提高了土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量,14年和26年围封样地SOC、TN、LFOC和MBC含量均随围封年限的增加而增加,且0-5cm层增幅高于5-15cm层。14年和26年围封样地土壤碳氮比显著高于流动沙丘,但2个围封样地之间差异不显著。流动沙丘围封也显著增加了表层SOC、TN、LFOC和MBC储量,0-15cm土层SOC、TN、LFOC和MBC储量均表现为26年围封地>14年围封地>流动沙丘。相关分析表明,LFOC、MBC均与SOC存在极显著正相关关系,说明LFOC和MBC均可作为衡量土壤有机碳变化的敏感指标。     

中国农村生物质能利用技术和经济评价

农村生物质能利用技术种类较多,确定各类技术的适用范围及经济性,有利于在农村地区选择合适的技术,促进生物质能利用技术在农村的开发利用。该文提出了户均用能成本的概念和计算方法,对农村户用沼气、养殖场沼气工程、固体成型燃料、秸秆沼气、秸秆气化集中供气等技术进行了技术经济评价。研究结果表明:农村户用沼气技术的经济性最好,其次为固体成型燃料技术,而秸秆气化集中供气技术的经济性最差。随着农村社会经济的发展,认为固体成型燃料技术将逐渐占主导地位,而秸秆沼气技术可以填补由于畜禽粪便短缺而带来的空白。     

保护性耕作对小麦-土壤系统综合效应研究

采用长期定位试验与短期田间试验相结合的方法,通过室内化验分析和数理统计,研究了河南省不同土壤类型区保护性耕作对土壤理化性质、土壤微生物生物量碳氮及小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)籽粒产量和产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作显著提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷及交换性钾含量,分别提高24.8%、14.3%、7.8%和24.8%;而对小麦增产效果并不显著。4种不同保护性耕作方式下,免耕、浅耕相比旋耕、深耕,提高小麦穗数15.0%～32.2%,提高穗粒数2.6%～12.6%,但4种处理间小麦千粒重及籽粒产量效果无显著差异;免耕、浅耕较旋耕、深耕可以一定程度上提高苗期和灌浆期土壤含水率、以及土壤碱解氮和有效磷,并显著提高小麦不同生育时期的土壤微生物生物量碳氮。免耕与浅耕是较为适宜河南省小麦生产及土壤可持续利用的保护性耕作方式。     

间伐对华北土石山区油松林生长及其林下植被发育的影响

间伐是森林经营的主要措施之一,研究间伐对森林生态系统的影响对其可持续发展具有深远意义。对河北省木兰围场国有林场管理局北沟林场4块油松人工林样地分别进行46.6%,56.2%,67.1%的3个强度间伐以及对照处理,通过植被群落调查,研究不同间伐强度后油松林生长及其林下植被发育。结果表明:油松林分经不同强度抚育间伐后单木胸径、树高、冠幅和生物量均显著高于对照,且随间伐强度增大而增加,但单位面积蓄积量随间伐强度增大而减小;弱度、中度间伐能够增加林下植物种类,提高林下植物丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数,但是强度间伐后林下植物种类并不会增多,此现象符合"中度干扰假说";林分经不同强度间伐后,林下植被优势种各异;随着间伐强度的增大,林下植被生物量增加。综上,合理的间伐能够促进林分生长及其林下植被发育,研究区选择56.2%左右的间伐强度最优。     

Film fully-mulched ridge-furrow cropping affects soil biochemical properties and maize nutrient uptake in a rainfed semi-arid environment

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of plastic mulched ridge-furrow cropping on soil biochemical properties and maize (Zea mays L.) nutrient uptake in a semi-arid environment. Three treatments were evaluated from 2008 to 2010: no mulch (narrow ridges with crop seeded next to ridges), half mulch (as per no mulch, except narrow ridges were mulched), and full mulch (alternate narrow and wide ridges, all mulched with maize seeded in furrows). Compared to the no mulch treatment, full mulch increased maize grain yield by 50% in 2008 and 25% in 2010, but reduced yield by 21% in 2009 after low precipitation in early growth. Half mulch had a similar grain yield to no mulch in the three cropping years, suggesting half mulch is not an effective pattern for maize cropping in the area. Mulch treatments increased aboveground nitrogen (N) uptake by 21?34% and phosphorus (P) uptake by 21?42% in 2008, and by 16?32% and 14?29%, respectively, in 2010; but in 2009 mulching did not affect N uptake and decreased P uptake. Soil microbial biomass and activities of urease, β-glucosidase and phosphatase at the 0?15 cm depth were generally higher during vegetative growth but lower during reproductive growth under mulch treatments than no mulch. Mulching treatments increased carbon (C) loss of buried maize residues (marginally by 5?9%), and decreased light soil organic C (15?27%) and carbohydrate C (12?23%) concentrations and mineralizable C and N (8?36%) at harvest in the 0?20 cm depth compared with no mulch, indicating that mulching promotes mineralization and nutrient release in soil during cropping seasons. As a result of these biological changes, mineral N concentration under mulch was markedly increased after sowing in upper soil layers compared with no mulch. Therefore, our results suggest that mulched cropping stimulated soil microbial activity and N availability, and thus contributed to increasing maize grain yield and nutrient uptake compared with no mulch.     

Effects of long-term treatments of different organic fertilizers complemented with chemical N fertilizer on the chemical and biological properties of soils

Continuous cultivation has been known to decrease soil organic matter content. Application of organic matter to cultivated soil is an important practice from the point of view of maintaining an adequate amount of soil organic matter. Soil organic matter content significantly affects soil microbial activity, which is an important index of soil quality. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to examine the long-term effects of different kinds of organic matter in combination with inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer on chemical and biological properties of soils. There were seven treatments, namely (1) CK (without fertilization), (2) Chem-N (applying chemical N fertilizer only), (3) Comp (applying compost with the same rate of N as the Chem-N treatment), (4) Comp + l/3 N (applying compost complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment), (5) Comp + 2/3 N (applying compost complemented with 66% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment), (6) GM + 1/3 N (applying green manure complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment) and (7) Peat + 1/3 N (applying peat complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment). After continuous treatment for 12 years and with cultivation of 24 crops on the same area, soils were sampled for analyses of chemical and biological properties, enzymatic activities and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles. The results showed that compared with CK and Chem-N treatments, applications of compost and peat increased soil organic carbon (SOC) content and altered microbial activities and microbial community structure. However, application of green manure for 12 years had no effect on SOC content. Both microbial activities and PLFA profiles were clearly dependent on the characteristics of the applied organic amendments. In summary, a peat application led to the highest increase in SOC content compared to compost and green manure; however, compost-treated soil had a higher microbial population and higher microbial and enzyme activities, while the effects of both green manure and chemical N fertilizer on soil properties were similar.