蜡样芽孢杆菌菌株X5强化的生物有机肥能有效控制根结线虫(Meloidogyne sp.)

The efficacy of Bacillus cereus X5 as a potential biological control agent against root-knot nematodes was evaluated in vitro by examining second-stage juvenile mortality and egg hatching rate under addition of culture filtrate and in planta by application of bio-organic fertilizers enhanced with B. cereus X5, B. thuringiensis BTG, or Trichoderma harzianum SQR-T037 alone or together in greenhouse and field experiments. The biofumigation of the root-knot nematode-infested soil with organic materials (chicken manure, pig manure and rice straw) alone or in combination with B. cereus X5 was also conducted in greenhouse experiments. In laboratory, the filtrate of B. cereus X5 more effectively reduced egg hatching rates during the incubation period for 14 d and more effectively killed the second-stage juvenile during the incubation period of 24 h than that of B. thuringiensis BTG. The highest dry shoot weights for greenhouse tomatoes and field muskmelons were found in both the treatment consisting of the bio-organic fertilizer enhanced with the three biocontrol agents and the treatment consisting of the bio-organic fertilizer enhanced only with B. cereus X5. The two bio-organic fertilizers achieved better nematicidal effects than those enhanced only with B. thuringiensis BTG or T. harzianum SQR-T037. B. cereus X5 also enhanced effect of biofumigation, which resulted in increased plant biomass and reduced nematode counts in the roots and rhizosphere soil. Therefore, these results suggested that biological control of root-knot nematodes both in greenhouses and fields could be effectively achieved by using B. cereus X5 and agricultural wastes.     

Studies on the properties of organic matfer in buried humic horizon derived from volcanic ash

To investigate the relationship between the change of humus property and time factor, the humus composition in the buried humic horizons with the age from 28,000 years B.P. to the present was studied, according to the method presented by Kumada et al. (7).

The fH decreased with the elapse of time and in case of most of humus in the buried humic horizons with the age over 10,000 years, the fH became lower than 40 and were in the form of so-called ‘combined’ humus.

When 3,000-4,000 years have passed since the surface soil buried, the humic acid first moved . to ‘combined form.’ Second, after over 10,000 years, the fulvic acid moved to ‘combined form.’

The humification of ‘free’ humic acid proceeded with the elapse of time till around 5,000 years but of 'combined' humic acid till around 7,000 years. Both the humification-degree of ‘free’ humic acid after around 5,000 years and of ‘combined’ humic acid after around 7,000 years decreased. The humification-degree of ‘free’ and ‘combined’ humic acid from the samples with the age about 15,000 years B.P. to 28,000 years B.P. may be the same.     

Surface-active properties of particle size fractions in two humic acids

The relationships between surface active properties and humic acid (HA) particle sizes were investigated. Two HAs from an Ando soil and a Brown forest soil were separated into 6 particle size fractions by gel permeation chromatography. Surface-active properties characterized by surface excess value (\gT mol cm^-2), cross-sectional surface area per molecule (A nm²), critical micelle concentration (CMC g L^-1), efficiency and effectiveness of water surface tension reduction were obtained by the measurement of the surface tension of HA solutions from different particle size fractions. For the HA from the Ando soil, except for the smallest particle size fraction, increasing particle size enhanced the efficiency of reduction of the water surface tension and decreased the CMC, while the effectiveness of reduction of the water surface tension was about the same. The surface activity of the HA from the Ando soil increased with increasing particle size. This phenomenon was similar to the surface activity of a homologous series of surfactants, which increased with increasing alkyl chain length. For the HA from the Brown forest soil, the smallest particle size fraction and three large fractions showed a high efficiency, namely a high surface activity. The smallest fraction from the Brown forest soil showed the highest efficiency and the lowest CMC value. In both HAs, the smallest particle size fraction showed exceptional surface-active properties compared with the other fractions and three fractions with large particle size showed a higher surface activity than other smaller fractions.     

Fractionation of soil humic acids by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of concentrated urea

To separate soil humic acids (HAs) into their constituents and characterize them, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was carried out in the presence of 7 M urea using a preparative electrophoresis system. Two types of soil HAs were fractionated into nine fractions by PAGE. The dark-colored constituents were recovered from the electrophoretic fractions by precipitation on acidification, and the brown-colored constituents dissolved in the acidic solution of fast-moving fractions were recovered by adsorption onto DAX-8 resin. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) confirmed that the constituents of the HAs were separated based on their molecular size by PAGE. The dark-colored constituents exhibited higher degrees of humification than did the corresponding unfractionated HAs, except for the constituents remaining in the electrophoretic gels at the end of electrophoresis. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy revealed that the chemical properties of the dark-colored constituents changed regularly: the content of carboxyl groups decreased and the proportions of proteinous, aliphatic and polysaccharide moieties increased with increasing molecular size. The humification degrees of the constituents adsorbed onto DAX-8 resin were considerably lower than those of the corresponding unfractionated HAs. The chemical properties of the DAX-8-adsorbed constituents were different from those of the dark-colored constituents. Observation of electrophoretic fractions under blue light (470 nm) and HPSEC with fluorescence detection at an excitation wavelength of 460 nm and an emission wavelength of 520 nm showed that green fluorescent substances were largely concentrated in the smallest molecular size fractions and were partitioned into both the dark-colored precipitates and DAX-8-adsorbed fractions. The proportion of organic carbon recovered by precipitation and adsorption onto DAX-8 resin was 45–63%, indicating that substantial parts of the HA constituents were missing. The unrecovered constituents were considered to be acid-soluble, nearly colorless substances. The dissociation of the acid-soluble constituents from the acid-insoluble dark-colored constituents during the preparative PAGE of soil HAs was ascribed to disruption of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions caused by concentrated urea.     

基于模糊层次分析法的生物燃气产业竞争力评价模型及应用

随着中国能源需求的不断增长和环境保护的日益加强,生物燃气产业越来越受重视,对产业竞争力进行评价以了解地区生物燃气产业发展水平成为急需解决的问题。该文从规模、经济、技术、管理、可持续发展5个方面选择了22个指标,构建了生物燃气产业竞争力评价指标体系。基于层次分析法和模糊综合评判法,提出了生物燃气产业竞争力评价模型,并应用于北京市生物燃气产业竞争力评价。评价结果表明:规模竞争力在差的隶属度综合得分是0.49,制约因素主要是从业人员人数及气体总消费量。经济竞争力指标在中的隶属度综合评分是0.65,制约因素主要是农民增收情况。技术竞争力指标在良的隶属度综合评分是0.54,制约因素主要是人才吸引力情况。管理竞争力指标在中的隶属度综合得分是0.54,制约因素主要有运营管理模式及技术安全管理水平。可持续发展竞争力指标在优的隶属度综合得分是0.51。北京市生物燃气产业竞争力属于中等水平,在废弃物资源化利用能力以及污染物减排方面具有明显优势,在科研投入、技术装备方面具有较高水平,在管理水平、经济效益、产业规模方面等方面处于中等或较差水平,需要进行完善和提升。模型很好的表征了北京市生物燃气产业的现状,研究结果可为北京市生物燃气产业发展提供依据。     

生物结皮土壤-水文-侵蚀效应研究进展

生物土壤结皮(简称生物结皮)是由隐花植物、微小生物和土壤表层颗粒胶结形成的一种特殊复合体,广泛分布于各类气候和生境条件。作为生态系统的重要组分,生物结皮在不同生物气候区土壤的生态过程、水文过程、生物过程、地球化学循环过程以及生态修复过程中发挥着重要作用。从生物结皮影响土壤物理、化学、生物学性质以及土壤水文与侵蚀过程等方面对其生态功能进行总结和概述,在此基础上,从研究区域和时空尺度、多过程耦合机制、生物结皮影响氮循环的过程及其对氮沉降的响应机制、生物结皮与维管植物空间分布及互动关系等方面,展望了该领域有待深化的问题及今后的发展方向,以期促进我国生物结皮相关研究工作,加深对生物结皮生态功能及地表过程的认识。     

秋施有机肥对土壤生物学、理化性状及玉米产量的影响

以黑龙江省海林农场白浆土为研究对象,在等氮量条件下（秋季有机肥配施来年春季无机肥）,设置100%有机肥（T₁）,30%有机肥+70%无机肥（T₂）,20%有机肥+80%无机肥（T₃）,100%无机肥（T₄）和不施肥（CK）5个处理,研究长期施肥对土壤生物学、理化性状以及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:玉米生育期内,土壤微生物数量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,且施用高量有机肥有助于细菌和放线菌群落结构的形成,无机肥和不施肥适于真菌生长;有机无机肥配施处理在提高土壤酶活性方面占据绝对优势,脲酶和蔗糖酶活性始终显著高于其他处理,且有机肥较无机肥处理更能提高玉米生育期内土壤微生物生物量;有机无机肥配施可明显提高土壤全量和速效养分,培肥地力,单施效果稍差,且差异不大,而高量有机肥在降低土壤容重、增加总孔隙度百分比方面作用显著;两年玉米累计产量30%有机肥（T₂）最高,分别比100%有机肥（T₁）和100%无机肥（T₄）提高57.34%和4.59%,稳产并高产。总体来讲,30%有机肥+70%无机肥为最佳施肥模式。     

橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis microspora)的生物学特性研究

橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis microspora)是导致采后橄榄果实腐烂的主要病原菌,本文研究了pH、温度、光照、碳源、氮源等条件对橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢菌落生长、产孢和分生孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢生长最适pH为6,最适温度24~26℃;产孢最适pH为7,最适温度24~26℃,光暗交替条件下产孢量最多;以D-果糖、甘露醇为碳源和以蛋白胨为氮源的培养基最有利于橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢菌丝的生长,以葡萄糖、蔗糖为碳源和以蛋白胨为氮源的培养基最有利于该菌产孢;分生孢子萌发最适pH为6,最适温度26~28℃,全黑暗条件下孢子萌发率最高;该菌菌丝致死温度为54℃(30 min),分生孢子致死温度为56℃(20 min)。     

以活性炭纤维为载体厌氧处理牛粪的实验研究

以活性炭纤维为载体,在10%、7.5%和5%等3个载体填充率水平下,对反应器的容积产气率、COD去除率以及所能达到的最佳效果做了比较试验,并用扫描电镜观察了载体挂膜前后的微观结构.实验结果显示:添加载体的反应器内的物料,经过一段时间的启动运行以后,其内容积产气率逐渐增大,并超过了不加载体的反应器.当进料量为3.2L/d时,7.5%填充率的反应器达到最高产气率1.15m3/m3·d,比空白对照提高了20%,vs产气率为1.5L/g[vs],COD去除率达到70%以上,效果最佳.     

腐植酸对甘薯吸收利用矿质元素的影响

为探讨腐植酸对甘薯吸收利用矿质元素的影响,并为研究甘薯植株及土壤中矿质元素含量的变化情况,在大田生产条件下施用腐植酸。结果表明：施用腐植酸以后,甘薯对各矿质营养元素的吸收积累量均显著增加,增幅为12.87%~29.84%;矿质元素吸收积累量增加与腐植酸提高了不同生长时期甘薯对矿质元素的吸收速率有关,生长后期的吸收速率增幅最大。同时,施用腐植酸提高了收获期土壤中有效P、Ca、Mg和K元素的含量;使N、K、Ca、S、B和Cu的块根生产效率显著提高。施用腐植酸可以改善甘薯的矿质营养条件、提高部分矿质元素的块根生产效率。