天然虾青素的生物学功能及其在动物生产中的应用

虾青素是一种酮基类胡萝卜素,具有着色、抗氧化、提高免疫力、抗癌等生物学功能。研究表明,家禽日粮中添加的天然虾青素可通过血液、肝脏和卵巢的消化、吸收与运输,最后在蛋黄中明显富集,使蛋黄颜色加深。同时因其具有羟基和不饱和酮基,可有效清除自由基,提高机体抗氧化酶活性,降低活性氧及丙二醛含量,减轻动物机体氧化应激损害。另外,天然虾青素可通过改善动物精液品质及生殖激素的分泌从而提高其生殖性能。在水产动物日粮中添加天然虾青素,不仅能增亮水产动物自身肤色,还可通过细胞免疫与体液免疫及抑制炎性因子NF-κB信号通路增强机体免疫力。文章综述了虾青素的结构特征、理化性质、提取方法和纯化,详细叙述了虾青素着色、抗氧化、提高机体免疫力、抗肿瘤等方面的功能,并分析了虾青素在畜牧与水产应用中的前景,旨在为其在畜牧生产中的进一步应用奠定理论基础。     

转录组学在骆驼科动物中的应用研究进展

骆驼生活在恶劣的自然环境中,拥有特殊的生物学特性。目前,骆驼的转录组(RNA-seq)水平研究较少。文章对骆驼科动物的转录组学研究方面进行了综述,揭示了骆驼在渗透调节和水分保留中涉及水重吸收和葡萄糖功能的基因网络,以及其在耐盐性、水代谢、抗癌性、被皮毛色等方面的一些机制,分析了现阶段转录组学在骆驼科动物研究中面临的问题与挑战,并对未来骆驼科动物转录组学研究趋势进行了展望,为骆驼科动物独特生物学特点的生理机制研究提供参考。     

AM真菌与根瘤菌对紫花苜蓿镰刀菌萎蔫和根腐病的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,探究了丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌摩西管柄囊霉与苜蓿中华根瘤菌对紫花苜蓿尖孢镰刀菌萎蔫和根腐病的影响,以期为合理利用两类共生菌,提高苜蓿抗病性提供理论依据。试验共8个处理,分别为接种或不接种AM真菌、根瘤菌和病原菌以及两两组合。与对照相比,AM真菌降低紫花苜蓿萎蔫和根腐病发病率80.13%(P<0.05)。AM真菌和根瘤菌互作促进苜蓿养分吸收、叶绿素合成,互作处理较对照叶绿素含量(soil and plant analyzer development value,SPAD值)提高61.85%,茎叶N含量提高26.5倍、P含量提高54.3倍,紫花苜蓿茎叶干重提高23.4倍(P<0.05)。AM真菌促进了紫花苜蓿根瘤的形成,较对照根瘤数多111.73%;AM真菌与根瘤菌二者互作,进一步促进了紫花苜蓿生长、养分吸收,降低了紫花苜蓿发病率,同时显著影响紫花苜蓿根系相关生化指标。互作处理提高超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性41.05%,β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(β-1,3-glucanase)活性33.9%,茉莉酸(jasmonic acid,JA)浓度23.32%,木质素(lignin)16.92%,脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)、一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)和过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H 2O 2)浓度分别降低26.68%,9.63%和25.26%,丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量降低24.57%。综上所述,摩西管柄囊霉与苜蓿中华根瘤菌互作,可有效减轻紫花苜蓿镰刀菌萎蔫和根腐病的发生,二者具有良好的生防潜力。     

Selection of biological control agents for controlling soil and seed-borne diseases in the field

Different screening methods for selection of biological control agents (BCAs), for controlling soil and seed-borne diseases, are discussed. The shortcomings of laboratory methods focused on mechanism of action are discussed and we conclude that these methods should be used with caution if candidates with multifactorial or plant mediated mechanisms of control are to be obtained. In vitro screens may be useful for specific groups of microorganisms, thus, screens for antibiotics may be relevant for Streptomyces spp., and promising results have been obtained using soil plating or precolonized agar methods to screen for mycoparasitism and competitive saprophytic ability. Experience with screening in the Nordic programme Biological control of seed borne diseases in cereals is summarized. Research in the four participating countries – Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark – followed the same paradigm: that of obtaining antagonists, well adapted to different Nordic environments, and developing them as effective BCAs. Potential antagonists were isolated from different sources and in planta screening methods were developed in order to optimize selection of antagonists effective against a range of seed borne pathogens. Screens in the laboratory or greenhouse were followed by screening in the field. The different screening procedures are compared and evaluated.     

Grass greenness flush can influence breeding phenology and fertility in equatorial thoroughbred mares in the absence of photoperiod variation

Reproductive phenology is an important trait subjected to natural selection. Current horses in America belong to the Palearctic original populations after being introduced by European colonizers. Photoperiod variation is the main environmental factor for the adjustment of reproductive timing in horses, but is absent in equatorial areas. Here we hypothesize that seasonality of green‐grass availability may influence breeding phenology in equatorial regions. We used data of 929 services to mares from 2006 to 2011 in a thoroughbred equine exploitation in Ecuador that experienced strong grass seasonality. Actual births could not be used to infer natural phenology because they were influenced by management decisions. Instead, we used variations in the probability of pregnancy after a service as a measure of the natural tendency of mares to show breeding phenology. We found that although managers tended to schedule pregnancies in two periods within the year, mares were more prone to become pregnant after the increase in grass greenness that takes place at the beginning of the year (February). Our finding has potential applications to improve the success of services and the welfare of animals, by providing green‐grass stimuli in the appropriate season.     

Facilitation of an Exotic Grass Through Nitrogen Enrichment by an Exotic Legume

Invasive species control requires understanding the mechanisms behind their establishment and their interactions with other species. One potential ecosystem alteration influencing the establishment and spread of invasive species is anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment, from sources like introduced or invasive nitrogen (N)-fixing legumes, which can alter competition between native, non-native, and invasive plants. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and N-fixing yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis) are exotic to the Great Plains and are currently invading and degrading native rangelands by altering ecosystem processes and displacing native plants. Therefore, we investigated how N enrichment from yellow sweet clover affects the aboveground biomass production of Kentucky bluegrass and western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), a native cool-season grass, the ranges of which overlap in the northern Great Plains. In a controlled greenhouse environment, we conditioned experimental pots by growing yellow sweet clover and terminating each plant after 8 wk. Conditioned soils contained ≈ 340% more plant-available N than untreated soils 2 wk after yellow sweet clover death. We then grew Kentucky bluegrass and western wheatgrass transplant seedlings in interspecific and intraspecific pairs in pots conditioned either with or without yellow sweet clover for 12 wk. Aboveground biomass production of both Kentucky bluegrass and western wheatgrass grown in interspecific and intraspecific pairs increased in conditioned soils. However, when grown together in conditioned pots, the increase in Kentucky bluegrass biomass relative to untreated pots (520%) was double that of the increase in western wheatgrass biomass (260%). Our results reveal that Kentucky bluegrass can use increased soil N to produce proportionally more aboveground biomass than western wheatgrass, a native grass competitor. Thus, our results suggest yellow sweet clover and other sources of N enrichment may facilitate the invasion of Kentucky bluegrass.     

11株瘤胃源芽孢杆菌生理学特性研究

试验对已筛选的11株瘤胃源芽孢杆菌的产酶活力、耐酸、耐胆盐和抑菌活性及菌株间相容性进行研究。采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸法（DNS法）测定纤维素酶的活力,涂布平板计数法测定菌株的耐酸性、耐胆盐等特性,牛津杯法测定抑菌活性,滤纸片法进行室内相容性试验。结果显示,菌株T-2、T-3和T-10产纤维素酶的酶活力较高;菌株T-2、T-5、T-7、T-8和T-9表现较强的耐酸能力;菌株T-4、T-5、T-9和T-11表现较强的耐胆盐能力。菌株T-4和T-7对副溶血弧菌的抑菌活性较强,T-7对产气杆菌的抑菌活性最强,T-5、T-9、T-10对大肠杆菌抑菌活性较强,而T-3对藤黄八叠球菌指示菌的抑菌性最强。室内相容性试验结果表明,11株芽孢杆菌部分菌株之间存在颉颃作用,由此筛选出优良菌株的复配组合,抑菌可能的最优复配组合为T-3、T-4、T-5;T-3、T-4、T-10;T-4、T-5、T-10;T-3、T-7、T-10。纤维素酶活力较强时可能的最优复配组合为T-2、T-3、T-5;T-2、T-3、T-10;T-2、T-5、T-10;T-3、T-5、T-6;T-3、T-5、T-10。本试验可为动物饲料的研究和开发提供一定的参考依据。     

驴乳房炎大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

为了查明导致新疆某规模化奶驴场乳房炎的主要病原菌及其生物学特性,试验采用常规微生物学方法对病原菌进行分离,采用生化鉴定管和16S rRNA的PCR扩增方法对病原菌进行鉴定,采用K-B药敏纸片法测定其耐药性,D_{600 nm}值绘制细菌生长曲线,最后分析同源性并构建系统进化树。结果显示,分离株为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,能在麦康凯培养基上长出粉红色菌落,在伊红－美兰培养基上长出有金属光泽的菌落;生化鉴定分离株的葡磷胨水、赖氨酸、鸟氨酸、棉子糖、山梨醇、侧金盏花醇、木胶糖试验均呈阳性,而苯丙氨酸和硫化氢试验均为阴性;PCR扩增后测序得到205 bp的1号菌株和203 bp的2号菌株,其特性符合大肠杆菌的特性;药敏结果表明,分离株对链霉素和氯霉素高度敏感,对青霉素、阿莫西林和庆大霉素耐药;生长曲线表明,分离株在2~16 h时为高度繁殖期,16~32 h处于稳定期,32 h以后开始进入衰退期;1号菌株与2号菌株同源性高达99%,1号菌株与大肠杆菌11J和RCB800的同源性最高（100%）;2号菌株与大肠杆菌675SK2和DTU-1的同源性最高（100%）;由系统进化树分析可知,1号菌株与大肠杆菌11J和RCB800处于同一个小分支,2号菌株与大肠杆菌675SK2和DTU-1处于同一个小分支。因此,导致本次驴乳房炎的病原菌为大肠杆菌,本研究结果为进一步系统研究导致驴乳房炎大肠杆菌的致病机制提供参考。     

我国兽医生物制品标准体系建设工作研究与思考

分析了国家标准的概念、我国兽医生物制品标准体系的构成,介绍了我国兽医生物制品标准体系的历史和现状,指出了现阶段我国兽医生物制品标准化工作中存在问题及其原因,提出了统一认识、按照全新思路开展《兽药典》制定、加强对企业标准的备案审查、做好疫苗效果评价用强毒株的筛选、完善相关法律法规并做好与标准体系的衔接5项建议。     

病毒细胞受体研究技术及其应用现状

病毒感染宿主细胞的过程实质是病毒受体与配体之间的相互作用。病毒受体和配体的研究是明确病毒致病机理的关键,因此关于病毒细胞受体的研究一直是近年来病毒学研究的重点领域。病毒受体的鉴定可通过多种生物技术手段进行,如酵母双杂交法、病毒覆盖蛋白结合技术等。文章对当前的病毒细胞受体研究技术及其应用现状进行了综述,以期为今后的相关研究提供参考。