稚鱼生物饵料的DHA营养强化

综述了国内外海水稚鱼生物饵的ＤＨＡ营养强化技术研究及其应用状况，轮虫、卤虫的营养强化方法和注意事项。     

大黄鱼仔、稚、幼鱼发育阶段的脂肪酸组成及其变化

为了探讨真空冷冻干燥过程参数对冻干时间和能耗的影响，以墨西哥湾扇贝为研究对象，设计二次正交回归组合试验方案，采用SAS统计软件对试验数据进行回归分析，建立了真空冷冻干燥时间和能耗的二次多元回归模型，并对二次多元回归模型进行了F检验；利用降维法定性地分析了物料厚度、干燥室压强和加热板温度3个主要过程参数对真空冷冻干燥时间和能耗的影响。结果表明，物料厚度、干燥室压强和加热板温度对冻干时间和能耗影响显著，并呈二次函数规律变化，在本试验条件下影响的主次因素依次为：物料厚度、干燥室压强、加热板温度。对单位厚度冻干时间进行岭嵴分析，给出了在本试验因素取值范围内的冻干过程优化参数：物料厚度为9mm；干燥室压强为50Pa；加热板温度为39℃，优化的物料单位厚度冻干时间为0．41h。     

利用变温促进罗非鱼生长的研究

在实验室内不同温度条件(恒温28℃、30℃和周期性变温28±4℃、30±4℃)下,分四组饲养罗非鱼,测定其增重、耗氧率、并推算能量同化率和组织生长效率(K_2)。结果表明,变温组均比相应恒温组生长迅速。其中以变温28±4℃组日增重最快,增重百分率最高,其次为变温30±4℃组,恒温28℃组日增重最慢,增重百分率最低。能量同化率和组织生长效率也以变温28±4℃组最高;30±4℃组能量同化率虽较高,但组织生长效率却最低。本文对变温促进罗非鱼生长的机理和其在生产实践中的意义进行了分析与探讨。     

Turnover of Se in adequately fed chickens using Se‐75 as a tracer

Inorganic selenium (Se) in the form of selenite is applied to livestock to avoid Se deficiency. Selenite is, however, an artificial Se source in diets of unsupplemented chickens. It is therefore hypothesized that organic Se sources, such as Se‐enriched yeast and wheat, could be a more suitable Se supply in animal nutrition, although information on the transition of Se from organic Se sources in fast‐growing chickens is scarce. In this work, chickens were fed a low Se diet (0.27 ± 0.01 mg Se/kg, Se‐enriched yeast) until 20 days of age, after which the Se concentration was increased to maximum concentration allowed by the poultry industry in Europe (0.5 p.p.m. Se). At the same time, a daily contribution of carrier‐free ⁷⁵Se tracer from labelled wheat was administered from day 20 to 27. The chickens showed S and Se homeostasis, as the concentration of S and Se in liver, blood or kidney remained about constant, and steady state of S and Se in the other organs was reached 1 day after the diet shift. The uptake of ⁷⁵Se was readily seen in all organs. After 1 week, the depuration of the ⁷⁵Se tracer was followed, and biological half‐lives and retention in individual organs were determined. The shortest biological half‐lives were observed in major metabolic organs, the liver, kidney and pancreas with half‐lives close to 4 days. There was a significant (p < 0.05) uptake in lung, brain and muscle that reached steady state when the administration of ⁷⁵Se was terminated. The half‐life of ⁷⁵Se in heart was 9 days and 7 days in blood. The longest half‐lives were observed in muscle (12 days), brain and lungs (13 days). All half‐lives were shorter than in Se deplete animals.     

Effects of high‐fat and high‐carbohydrate diets on fat and carbohydrate oxidation and plasma metabolites in healthy cats

High‐fat (HF) or high‐carbohydrate (HC) diets (30% fat, 18.9% carbohydrate; HF and 10% fat, 46.3% carbohydrate; HC) and lengths of adaptation were investigated in cats (Felis catus; 10 ± 2 months, 3.6 ± 0.3 kg). Cats randomly received each treatment for 14 days in a crossover design with a 14‐day washout period between each diet. Three 22‐h indirect calorimetry studies were conducted after acute (day 0), semichronic (day 4) and chronic (day 13) dietary exposure. Blood samples were collected after a 24‐h fast on days 1, 5 and 14. When cats consumed the HC and HF diet, oxidation of the restricted nutrient exceeded intake while oxidation of the nutrient in excess matched intake. Mean max energy expenditure (EE) of cats consuming the HF and HC diet were 107 and 102 kcal/kg^0.67/day and occurred at a mean of 4 and 12 h post‐feeding respectively. Maximal fat (0.90 g/h) and carbohydrate (carbohydrate; 1.42 g/h) oxidation were attained at 26 min and 10.4 h post‐feeding respectively. The changes observed in macronutrient oxidation and EE suggest that cats adapt whole‐body nutrient metabolism in response to changes in dietary macronutrient content, but may require longer than 14 day to adapt to a macronutrient that is present at a lower concentration in the diet.     

桑树轮纹病病原菌的分离鉴定及其生物学特性研究

2012年6～8月,通过对桑树轮纹病病原菌分离、田间致病性测定、病原菌形态观察,将该病原菌鉴定为桑膝节霉,并对此病病原菌的生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,不同培养基配方、温度、酸碱度、碳源、氮源、光照对桑树轮纹病病原菌菌丝的生长有一定影响,菌丝生长的最适宜培养基是理查培养基,最适温度是25℃,最适pH值是7.0,最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适氮源为蛋白胨,光照对菌丝生长无显著性差异,菌丝的致死温度和时间分别为85℃和10 min。对该病病原菌生物学特性研究为云南首次报道,对桑树轮纹病的防治具有一定的参考价值。     

冀北山地鼠害综合防治技术研究

针对冀北山地的森林鼠害发生规律及防治措施进行了研究,通过铗捕法和洞口统计法进行鼠害种类及密度的调查;通过踏查确定主要危害树种;采用化学、物理、营林、生物药剂、天敌等5种方法进行了防治效果对比分析。结果表明,该区域威胁森林资源安全的主要鼠害为棕背鼲,油松是其主要为害树种;7月、8月是其为害高峰期,也是防治的关键期;物理防治(树干套管)和营林措施(割灌除草)防治效果最好,分别达到83%和89%,并且具有可操作性,适合大面积推广;天敌防治见效周期较长,是解决森林鼠害的治本之道,但短期效果不太明显,生物药剂防治效果不佳。     

例析林业能源标准英文译法

本文以林业能源管理中的部分行业标准为例,详细阐述了若干标准名称、术语和定义的正确翻译方法。继而说明在采用国际标准以及标准起草过程中,英文翻译的重要性。同时阐明标准编写人员的素质及职业规范同样至关重要。     

侧多食跗线螨对麻疯树的为害及防控

侧多食跗线螨是农林上最重要的广食性害螨种类之一,对新兴能源植物麻疯树构成极大的潜在威胁.文章综述了国外对侧多食跗线螨为害麻疯树的相关研究报道,介绍其为害特点、形态特征、生物学特性、发生发展规律、主要发生区、监测检测方法及防治措施等.侧多食跗线螨在我国分布广泛,相关麻疯树种植区要积极做好该害螨的发生监测与科学防控工作.     

纯木薯废弃物栽培平菇的配方优化及效益分析

【目的】筛选以纯木薯废弃物为原料、适合平菇栽培的培养基配方,为实现木薯产业废弃物资源化提供参考依据。【方法】以不同比例的木薯杆、木薯酒精渣配制成6个培养基配方,以桑枝屑、棉籽壳各半添加15.0%麸皮的常规配方作对照,通过袋栽方式栽培平菇,比较木薯杆、木薯酒精渣不同添加比例对平菇菌丝生长、生物学转化率及生产效益的影响。【结果】木薯杆、木薯酒精渣不同配比培养基对平菇菌丝生长及生物学效率的影响不同,综合考虑平菇菌丝生长、生物转化率及生产效益,以木薯杆52.00%-67.00%、木薯酒精渣30.00%-45.00%、石灰2.00%、石膏1.00%为配方进行平菇栽培效果较佳。【结论】以木薯杆、木薯酒精渣等纯木薯产业废弃物为原料并添加石灰、石膏的配方栽培平菇,既能有效利用木薯产业副产品,保护环境,又能保证生产平菇的经济效益。