温度及总固体浓度对粪秆混合发酵产气特性的影响

为探索温度、发酵料液总固体浓度和产气量之间的关系,确定最佳发酵温度以及进料量,通过自行研究设计的可控性恒温发酵装置,以5℃为梯度在20～40℃温度范围内,设置以4%为梯度,质量分数为4%～20%的5个总固体浓度,以鸡粪和玉米秆2∶1（干物质量比）混合物为发酵原料,以常温厌氧发酵池的底物为接种物,进行批量厌氧消化试验,研究不同总固体浓度的发酵原料在不同温度下的厌氧发酵效果。结果显示,各总固体浓度发酵料液的产气速率均随着发酵温度的升高而加快;随总固体浓度增大,发酵料液产沼气的最适温度范围也随之扩大;各总固体浓度发酵料液的干物质产气率在5个温度的平均值依次为料液总固体质量分数8%＞20%＞16%＞12%＞4%;鸡粪和玉米秆2∶1混合原料厌氧发酵的理论最优总固体质量分数及发酵温度值分别为14.6%,32.8℃。可以看出,发酵料液浓度并不是越高越好,不同的温度有其最适的浓度或浓度范围。     

二次增效发酵菌糠基质对黄桃品质和产量的影响

蘑菇菌糠含有丰富的有机质,且有良好的持水和透气能力。通过对蘑菇菌糠进行二次增效发酵,其作为园艺栽培基质的性能和肥效均有了较大的提高:粗纤维含量下降了5.8%,粗蛋白和粗脂肪分别提高了1.3%和0.7%,总有机质含量下降了0.6%,碳氮比下降了6.2%。将经过二次增效发酵的蘑菇菌糠用于黄桃栽培中作为基肥,黄桃品质和产量均有显著改善,其中优果率提高了5%。蘑菇菌糠发酵料经二次增效发酵处理后是一种优良的园艺基质原料。     

Earthworm populations and growth rates related to long-term crop residue and tillage management

Conventional tillage creates soil physical conditions that may restrict earthworm movement and accelerate crop residue decomposition, thus reducing the food supply for earthworms. These negative impacts may be alleviated by retaining crop residues in agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various tillage and crop residue management practices on earthworm populations in the field and earthworm growth under controlled conditions. Population assessments were conducted at two long-term (15+ years) experimental sites in Québec, Canada with three tillage systems: moldboard plow/disk harrow (CT), chisel plow or disk harrow (RT) and no tillage (NT), as well as two levels of crop residue inputs (high and low). Earthworm growth was assessed in intact soil cores from both sites. In the field, earthworm populations and biomass were greater with long-term NT than CT and RT practices, but not affected by crop residue management. Laboratory growth rates of Aporrectodea turgida (Eisen) in intact soil cores were affected by tillage and residue inputs, and were positively correlated with the soil organic C pool, suggesting that tillage and residue management practices that increase the soil organic C pool provide more organic substrates for earthworm growth. The highest earthworm growth rates were in soils from RT plots with high residue input, which differed from the response of earthworm populations to tillage and residue management treatments in the field. Our results suggest that tillage-induced disturbance probably has a greater impact than food availability on earthworm populations in cool, humid agroecosystems.     

工程建设弃土弃渣水土流失过程试验研究

弃土弃渣是工程建设产生的最主要地面组成物质之一.采用野外放水冲刷试验方法,对黄河班多水电站工程区弃土弃渣水土流失过程进行了研究.(1)不同供水流量下,产流率随供水过程的动态变化整体呈增长趋势,可用幂函数方程描述,开始产流后的5 min内产流过程的变化幅度较大,随后较为平缓,并趋于基本稳定;(2)不同供水流量下,产沙率随供水历时的增长而减少,可用对数相关方程描述,小流量下变化过程波动较小,大流量下变化幅度较大;(3)不同供水流量下,含沙量随着供水历时的增长而减少,可用对数相关方程描述.各流量下的变化趋势基本一致;(4)次产流深、次产沙模数皆随供水流量的增大而增加,增加趋势基本相同,皆可用对数相关方程描述.平均含沙量随供水流量的增大先增加后减小,临界值为7.17 L/min,可用抛物线相关方程描述;(5)次产沙模数随次产流深的增大而增加,表现为很好的正相关关系,可用对数相关方程来描述.     

Simultaneous use of plant growth promoting rhizobacterium and nitrogenous fertilizers may help in promoting growth,yield, and nutritional quality of okra

This study was conducted to evaluate the simultaneous use of plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (QS1) and different combinations of urea-nitrogen and biogas slurry-nitrogen for improving growth, yield, and nutritional quality of field grown okra. The isolate QS1 was identified as Bacillus sp. QS1 based on its ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequence analysis. Results revealed that among the combinations, the application of 50% urea-nitrogen + 50% biogas slurry-nitrogen was optimal for improving crop performance. This combination significantly (p ≤ 0.05) promoted okra growth viz. plant height (69.63–80.03 cm), no of branches per plant (14–18), shoot fresh weight (86.66–136.25 g/plant), root fresh weight (22.5–26.58 g/plant), and fruit yield (8.5–13.5 kg/plot) compared to the plants receiving 100% urea-nitrogen. The interactive effective of this nitrogen combination and QS1 inoculation produced the highest growth and yield response. Similarly, the same treatment improved nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and protein contents in shoot and fruit of okra compared to other treatments.     

猪粪中温半干法连续厌氧发酵产气性能

为改善猪粪在连续型沼气工程中的容积产气效率和降低其进出料过程的热损失,该研究拟采用高浓度和小体积喂料方式进行,将新鲜猪粪分别稀释成总固体质量分数(total solid,TS)为10%、12%和14%3个水平,通过逐级缩短水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)(HRT:25 d→20 d→18.5 d)的方式来改变各组反应器的负荷。试验结果表明,当HRT:25 d时,各组平均日产气量均表现最高,约为460 m L/g,此阶段可获得85%以上的沼气转化效率;当HRT:20d时,各组均获得最大容积产气率,最高达到2.29 L/(L·d)(TS:14%);当HRT下降至18.5 d时,各组产气量均呈下降趋势,表明有机负荷已超出反应器的最大转化能力。通过综合原料产气转化效率和容积产气效率2个指标,发现进料TS为14%和HRT为25 d为较优组合条件。该研究可为在实际沼气工程中如何协调进料浓度和HRT的关系提供参考。     

海鲜菇菌糠发酵饲料对山羊屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究不同添加比例发酵海鲜菇菌糠对简阳大耳黄羊屠宰性能、羊肉氨基酸、脂肪酸含量等品质的影响。采用单因子试验设计,选取简阳大耳黄羊48只,随机分为4组,每组12只羊。分别在基础日粮中添加0(C组,对照组)、20%(L组)、30%(M组)、40%(H组)发酵海鲜菇菌糠。预试期10 d,正试期120 d。结果表明:1)L组宰前活重和眼肌面积显著高于H组(P<0.05),肺脏、肾脏、瘤胃、小肠、大肠重量以及瘤胃占宰前活重比例显著高于其余3组(P<0.05)。且随发酵菌糠添加量的增加,眼肌面积、肺脏、肾脏、瘤胃、小肠以及大肠重量呈二次变化(P<0.05)。2)各组间背最长肌pH无显著差异(P>0.05);L组24和48 h滴水损失显著低于其余3组(P<0.05),且均随添加水平的提高呈二次变化(P<0.05),熟肉率显著高于H组(P<0.05),剪切力显著低于H组(P<0.05)。3)L组背最长肌中必需氨基酸总量显著高于C组(P<0.05),天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸含量显著高于C和H组(P<0.05),丙氨酸、缬...     

表面等离子共振生物传感技术在食品安全快速检测中的应用研究进展

利用表面等离子体共振(SPR)生物传感技术进行食品的快速检测,具有无需标记、前处理简单、特异性好、灵敏度高以及能实时、连续监测生物分子动态反应过程等特点.详细论述了SPR生物传感技术在食品安全检测中的农药残留、细菌、病毒、重金属和糖类的快速检测的研究进展,并指出了其发展趋势.     

甲砜霉素在鲤鱼及鲫鱼体内的残留研究

本研究旨在分析甲砜霉素在鲤鱼和鲫鱼体内的残留消除规律并为制定休药期提供依据。按照30 mg/kg的给药量对鲤鱼和鲫鱼连续口灌给药甲砜霉素3天,定时取样,外标法定量,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)检测采样组织中甲砜霉素的残留量。结果显示：甲砜霉素在0.1~200 ng/mL范围内有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9987。回收率在81.33%~109.72%之间。甲砜霉素在停止给药后鱼体各检测组织中残留量呈下降趋势,在停药25天后,甲砜霉素残留量低于中国与欧盟规定的最高残留限量(MRLs)。根据结果,建议休药期为25天。     

The Effect of Spraying Concentrated Biogas on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Cotton Seedling

[Objective] The effect of concentrated biogas slurry on growth and physiological characteristics of cotton seedlings was studied in this experiment, and theoretical basis for the rational application of concentrated biogas slurry was provided. [Method] Potted cotton seedlings was sprayed by five different dosages of concentrated biogas slurry, the impact of different spraying quantity (163 mL·hm^－2, 326 mL·hm^－2, 489 mL·hm^－2, 668 mL·hm^－2, 815 mL·hm^－2) after spraying time (after spraying 2nd day, 4th day, 6th day) on cotton seedlings growth and physiological indexes were studied. [Results] The results showed that the suitable quantity of spraying of concentrated biogas slurry had promoting effect to the cotton growth and development, the excess concentrated biogas slurry could inhibit the growth of cotton seedlings. The plant height, dry weight per plant and leaf area of spraying 489 mL·hm^－2 processing are the highest, the average of two batches on the 6th day after spraying are 21.15%, 35.95%, 18.84% higher than CK, respectively. Spraying concentrated biogas slurry can improve cotton seedlings chlorophyll content, soluble sugar contents, soluble protein content. Spraying 489 mL·hm^－2 processing is the highest in both batches, the average of two batches is 18.84%, 24.03%, 3.16% higher than CK, respectively. The result of concentrated biogas slurry onseedlings leaves took effect quickly, especially in 0～4th days. [Conclusion] It is concluded that the suitable amount of concentrated biogas slurry has a positive effect on the growth and physiological characteristics of cotton seedlings, which is beneficial to the formation of strong seedlings of cotton and provides the basis for the later growth of cotton.