单片机在锅炉控制中的应用

锅炉因其水位和压力控制不当而发生事故,通过以单片机为核心的新型智能化多路数据采集和调控系统,可自动检测和显示锅炉的水位和压力状态,自动控制水泵和风机,并且具有报警和联锁控制等保护功能,保证了锅炉的安全运行.     

Codigested dairy slurry as a phosphorus and nitrogen source for Zea mays L. and Amaranthus cruentus L.

Residues from biogas production contain essential plant nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) but also organic matter, and should be recycled in crop production. For efficient re‐use as fertilizers, the availability of nutrients for crops and the effect of the residues on soil fertility need to be evaluated. Focusing on the element P, we compared effects of codigested slurry with dairy slurry, highly soluble mineral NPK fertilizer, and a control without any P supply (NK). Codigested slurry used in this experiment was based on anaerobic digestion of dairy slurry, maize silage, and wheat grain. The fertilizing effects were tested in an 8‐week pot experiment on a sandy and a loamy soil using two crop species (Zea mays L., Amaranthus cruentus L.). The plant P uptake was up to 64% greater in the slurry treatments than in the treatment without P. The effect of codigested slurry on P uptake was comparable to that of dairy slurry and mineral P. Plant N uptake from codigested slurry was lower than that from mineral N (NK, NPK), but tended to be higher than from dairy slurry. The water‐soluble and double lactate–soluble P content of the soil was lower in the slurry treatments than in the mineral‐P treatments and accompanied by higher contents of microbial‐bound P. Differences between both organic fertilizers were detected for dehydrogenase activity which was up to 32% lower in soils fertilized with codigested slurry than it was in soils fertilized with dairy slurry. Our results indicate that codigestion of slurries in biogas plants does not substantially alter their fertilizer value as P and N sources for crops.     

秸秆厌氧发酵改性制备成型燃料试验

针对秸秆压缩成型存在设备磨损严重和厌氧发酵面临的抗生物降解屏障,提出了一种秸秆厌氧发酵改性制备成型燃料的思路并进行了试验研究。以玉米秸秆为原料,在总固体质量分数12%和中温38℃下对原料分别进行为期10和20 d的厌氧发酵,发酵后的沼渣经粉碎和干燥后于100℃、6 MPa条件下压缩成直径10 mm的颗粒燃料。试验结果表明：经过10和20 d的发酵,玉米秸秆所含能量仅有14.49%和32.01%转移到沼气中;沼渣弹筒发热量分别达到18.01和18.05 MJ/kg,高于原料的17.02 MJ/kg;沼渣挥发物质质量分数为74.08%和72.63%,比原料的81.02%分别下降了8.6%和10.4%;沼渣木质素质量分数为16.98%和17.92%,比原料的13.65%分别增加了24.4%和31.3%;沼渣苯醇抽提物质量分数为5.66%和4.86%,比原料的7.52%分别降低了24.7%和35.4%。成型试验结果表明：沼渣制成的成型燃料松弛密度分别为1.041 g/cm3和1.150 g/cm3,比未发酵秸秆的1.019 g/cm3分别提高了2.2%和12.86%。厌氧发酵改性有助于提高秸秆成型性能、制粒达到相同松弛密度所需的压力较小,有助于降低成型过程设备磨损,且基于上述思路形成的气固二元燃料生产工艺,使秸秆的转化利用不再受制于抗降解屏障,值得深入研究。     

固态厌氧消化过程中有机质、有机酸和产气量空间异质性

研究反应器内发酵物料中有机质、有机酸和产气量在反应器中的空间差异对于有效提高混合物料的厌氧产气效率具有关键作用。该文以猪粪和秸秆混合物料为发酵原料,接种活性污泥,采用中温（35℃）筒式两相厌氧发酵工艺,对混合固态物料厌氧消化过程中不同区域料液的有机质、有机酸和产气速率进行监测,并主要分析其纵向的空间异质性变化。结果表明：固态厌氧发酵过程中,TS、VS、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸的质量分数随着物料距反应器底面高度的增加而增大,越接近料液顶端,纵向差异越强,反之浓度降低越快,这5种关键物质在料液底部浓度较为均一,异质性明显降低;产气速率和单位VS累计产气量随着物料距反应器底面高度的增大而增加,皆为底层最低而顶层最高;反应过程中存在核心厌氧区,厌氧系统累计产气量和料液高度具有明显的幂增函数（R2=0.9754）关系,该研究为固态厌氧高效发酵提供了数据参考。     

Nitrogen availability of various biogas residues applied to ryegrass

Biogas plants in Germany are producing an increasing amount of biogas residues to be recycled via agricultural crop production. To test whether the wide range of various substrates used in the anaerobic digestion can affect the chemical composition and nutrient availability, seven biogas residues derived from different substrates were investigated with respect to their N supply to ryegrass. Both the short‐term and the long‐term N availability were studied in a 309‐d pot experiment lasting for five successive growth cycles each starting with a fertilizer application. The organic fertilizers were applied based on an equal amount of ammonium‐N (300 mg N per pot) and compared to mineral N from ammonium nitrate of equal dosage. Biogas residues varied greatly in their chemical composition (ammonium‐N 0.20% to 0.51%, N_total 0.36% to 0.75%, and C_org 1.85% to 4.75% in fresh matter). After the first growth cycle, the N availability of the biogas residues applied based on ammonium‐N was at least equal to that from ammonium nitrate. Differences in N offtake after one fertilizer application were negatively correlated to the C_org : N_org ratio of the organic fertilizers. After five successive fertilizer applications, the N utilization of most of the organic fertilizers was increased compared to that of the mineral fertilizer. It is concluded that biogas residues provide plant‐available N at least corresponding to their ammonium content and that the accumulation of organic N in soil through repeated application of biogas residues contributes to N release.     

生物质气化燃气和沼气分散供热经济与环境效益分析

随着中国新农村建设的推进和供热事业的迅速发展,高效清洁供热在中国农村引起关注。该文以天津市小塔沽村为供暖对象,对其进行热负荷估算,并采用方案比较法,针对农村2种新能源燃气(生物质气化燃气和户用沼气)分散供热的经济效益(投资、运行费用、投资回收期)和温室气体减排进行对比分析。研究结果发现户用沼气分散供热初投资高于生物质气化燃气分散供热,前者为后者的1.86倍;户用沼气运行费用也略高于生物质气化燃气,但生物质气化燃气分散供热后期管理要优于户用沼气分散供热,另外,户用沼气存在副产物经济效益,每年可高达29.9万元。2种供热方式温室气体减排效益接近,CO2的减排量都为561.18 t/a,CH4减排量约为1 300~2 200 kg/a。整体而言,生物质气化燃气分散供热优于户用沼气分散供热经济性。特别针对农村的管理水平落后,生物质气化燃气分散供热的优点更加突出。所以类似天津郊区这样的农村地区,供暖期需要大量燃气的农村宜采用生物质气化燃气分散供热方式。该文可从经济、环境角度为农村类似情况燃料及供热方式选择提供参考。     

惰性填料种类对猪场沼液氨吹脱效果的影响

氨吹脱作为猪场沼液的预处理方法,其处理效果受填料等多种因素的影响。分别采用空心多面球、鲍尔环和流化床填料在pH值10.5,气液比2000,温度30℃的条件下吹脱猪场沼液,结果表明:空心多面球和流化床对沼液氨氮(ammonia nitrogen,NH4+-N)的平均去除率显著高于鲍尔环填料(P0.05),吹脱2 h,氨氮的平均去除率分别为80.7%、59.0%和77.4%。投加NaOH使沼液化学需氧量(chemicaloxygendemand,COD)因压缩双电层和混凝而降低,总固体(totalsolid,TS)和挥发性固体(volatilesolid,VS)因OH-对微生物结构的破坏和大分子物质的水解而增加。吹脱过程使COD部分提高,而TS和VS有所降低。3种填料的性能参数差异导致吹脱后沼液COD平均去除率的变化和VS的平均去除率不同,但不存在显著差异(P0.05),流化床填料对TS的平均去除率显著高于空心多面球(P0.05)。选定空心多面球吹脱20 L沼液2 h,1 L的1 mol/L硫酸吸收液对吹脱尾气中氨气的平均吸收率为35.8%,兼顾吸收效果和经济性。     

NaOH处理玉米秸秆厌氧生物气化试验研究

提出通过NaOH化学处理以改善玉米秸秆的可生物消化性能、提高玉米秸秆厌氧消化产气量的方法。NaOH添加量为玉米秸秆干物质的8%。对未处理和经NaOH处理的玉米秸秆进行了厌氧消化对比试验研究,厌氧消化负荷率为35,50,65和80 g/L。分析并比较了两者在不同负荷率下的日产气量、累积产气量、单位TS和VS产气量等。结果显示,与未处理玉米秸相比,NaOH处理过的玉米秸的干物质消化率和产气量明显提高,在35,50,65,80 g/L负荷率下,产气量分别提高了13.1%,39.8%,48.3%和47.8%,单位TS、VS的产气率分别提高了13.1%～48.3%、23%～61.3%;两种玉米秸分别在35和65 g/L负荷率下获得了最高单位TS产气量。NaOH化学处理使玉米秸细胞壁结构和化学成分发生了明显的变化,分别有53.2%、46.9%和66.6%的木质素、纤维素和半纤维素被分解,其中1/2～2/3被转化成了易被厌氧菌利用的可溶性物质,这是产气量提高的主要原因之一。研究结果对提高玉米秸的产气效率、实现大规模应用具有重要指导意义。     

化学与生物预处理对玉米秸生物气产量影响的初步比较研究

为实现玉米秸的高效能源化转化，提出通过生物与化学预处理提高厌氧消化效率和生物气产量的新方法。研究了经白腐真菌Pleurotus florida生物处理和经氢氧化钠、氨水与尿素化学处理后，玉米秸主要成份木质素、纤维素、半纤维素、总氮和干物质等的变化规律，及其对生物气产量的影响。对经不同处理后的玉米秸进行了相应厌氧消化试验。结果显示，除尿素处理外，所有其它处理都可不同程度地提高玉米秸的产气量；其中，经氢氧化钠处理的获得了最高的产气量，与未处理和经生物处理的玉米秸相比，其产气量分别提高了78.3%和13.2%。由于化学处理方法简单、管理容易、处理时间短，并可获得较高的产气量，因此，在大规模应用时，推荐使用氢氧化钠作预处理（添加量为干物质质量的8%）。该研究结果为大幅提高玉米秸的产气量提供了一个新的有效的方法。     

生物质灰致沼液氮磷脱除研究

为降低沼液氮磷脱除的操作费用,提出向沼液中添加生物质灰来辅助氮磷脱除。试验研究了水稻秸秆、花生壳、棉花秸秆和玉米秸秆4种生物质在600℃下燃烧后的生物质灰对沼液pH值、氨氮浓度和总磷的影响。同时考察了生物质灰添加对沼液化学需氧量、悬浮物质量浓度、浊度及植物生理毒性的影响。结果表明,棉花秸秆灰在沼液中的溶解度最大,为12.97%,而花生壳灰溶解度最低,仅为10.67%。通过Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和OH~-等离子的引入,生物质灰添加可部分沉淀沼液中的CO_2,提升沼液p H值至9.5~11.0,满足"热-吹脱"氨氮脱除工艺对p H值的要求。同时,随着生物质灰添加量的增加,沼液中总磷含量基本呈现先降低后略微升高的趋势,当添加100 g/L棉花秸秆灰时,沼液总磷最高脱除率可达78.74%,其质量浓度可由初始值19.66 mg/L降低至4.18 mg/L。这表明生物质灰添加有利于氮磷脱除,理论上可降低氮磷脱除的操作费用。另外,添加生物质灰可在一定程度上降低沼液化学需氧量、悬浮物质量浓度和浊度,其中棉花秸秆灰的综合表现最优,对三者的降低幅度分别达56.71%、57.24%和77.37%。最后,用添加生物质灰后的沼液富CO_2溶液培养大白菜种子,其发芽指数整体大于0.8,表现出较低的植物生理毒性。因此,生物质灰可用于辅助沼液氮磷脱除,有利于沼液后期施用,其中,棉花秸秆灰的效果最优。