Nutrient dynamics in litter mixtures of four Mediterranean maquis species decomposing in situ

In natural conditions, litters shed from different species become mixed with each other, and decompose together. Most studies deal with decomposition of individual species; few studies investigate the influence of litter mixing on decomposition and nutrient dynamics; the results are contradictory as positive, negative, or no effect, of litter mixing have been observed. In this study we test the hypothesis: i) that litter mixing in the Mediterranean maquis, a nutrient poor, high diversity ecosystem, produces non-additive effects on nutrient dynamics; ii) that the effects vary with the composition in species of the mixture and with the relative amount of the species component the mixture. Two types of 3-species mixtures were set up; one contained three sclerophylls, Phillyrea angustifolia, Pistacia lentiscus and Quercus ilex; the other contained the first two species with the mesophyll Cistus. Litterbags, containing monospecific litters and even and uneven mixtures, were incubated under natural condition in situ; even mixtures had the 3 species in equal proportion, whereas uneven mixtures had one of the species as dominant (50%) and the other two species in equal proportion (25%:25%). Litterbags were retrieved after 92, 188 and 403 days; litters from the mixtures were separately analyzed for mass loss and content of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). Results indicate that mixing influences the dynamics of N, Mn, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu and Zn, but scarcely affects the dynamics of K and Na. The comparison of observed to expected values for changes of nutrients in litterbags indicates the occurrence of non-additive effects of litter mixing on movements of N, Fe, Cu, and Zn to or from the litterbags containing the mixtures. The effects depend on the composition in species of the mixture, whereas the relative amount of the species component the mixture is not relevant.     

北京山地不同海拔人工油松林枯落物及其土壤水文效应

本文对北京山地4个海拔梯度（480,540,690,820 m）的人工油松（Pinus Tabuliformis）林枯落物层及土壤层水文效应进行研究,结果表明:枯落物总蓄积量、最大持水量、有效拦蓄能力均随海拔先升高而后减小,最大持水率随海拔升高先减小而后增大,枯落物总储量在10.63～31.42 t/hm²之间,最大持水量在17.27～37.17 t/hm²之间,有效拦蓄能力在6.72 ～28.71 t/hm²之间,最大持水率在164.32%～185.77%之间。枯落物持水量与浸泡时间呈明显的对数关系（R > 0.93）,枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间呈明显的幂函数关系（R > 0.73）。土壤容重随海拔的升高而增大,变化范围为0.97～1.22 g/cm³,总孔隙度随海拔的升高而减小,土壤层有效持水量随海拔的升高而减小,土壤入渗速率与入渗时间呈明显幂函数关系（R > 0.96）。综合分析各项因子,低海拔地区的油松人工林水源涵养能力普遍高于高海拔。     

承德市第三乡林场不同林分类型枯落物和土壤的持水特性

[目的]探究林分枯落物和土壤的水文效应,科学选择持水性能更好的林分类型。[方法]以河北省承德市围场县第三乡林场中落叶松纯林(Ⅰ)、落叶松—白桦—山杨针阔混交林(Ⅱ)、白桦—山杨阔叶混交林(Ⅲ)为研究对象,采用室内浸水法、环刀法以及室内烘干等方法对枯落物和土壤持水特性进行研究。[结果]枯落物总储量:Ⅰ(26.58t/hm2)Ⅱ(25.01t/hm2)Ⅲ(21.55t/hm2)。枯落物最大持水量:Ⅲ(56.88t/hm2)Ⅱ(56.24t/hm2)Ⅰ(51.91t/hm2)。枯落物持水量随浸水时间变化呈对数函数变化趋势。枯落物吸水速率随浸水时间变化呈幂函数变化趋势。枯落物有效拦蓄量:Ⅱ(46.22t/hm2)Ⅲ(43.90t/hm2)Ⅰ(43.36t/hm2)。土壤容重:Ⅰ(1.13g/cm3)Ⅱ(1.12g/cm3)Ⅲ(0.99g/cm3)。土壤总孔隙度:Ⅲ(51.89%)Ⅱ(49.13%)Ⅰ(41.38%)。土壤最大持水量:Ⅲ(1037.80t/hm2)Ⅱ(982.50t/hm2)Ⅰ(827.53t/hm2)。[结论]通过多方面比较3种林分类型枯落物和土壤持水性能,可知Ⅲ持水能力最好,Ⅱ稍弱,Ⅰ最差。     

Capacity of model biobeds to retain and degrade mecoprop and isoproturon

Biobeds are used to increase the adsorption and degradation of pesticide spillage on sites used for mixing and loading and for cleaning of sprayers. The adsorption and the rate of degradation of 14C-labelled isoproturon and mecoprop (MCPP) at concentrations from 0.0005 to 25 000 mgkg(-1) were determined in biobed soil. Further leaching of the two herbicides was determined in a model biobed with a surface area of 2 m2. The biobed material showed enhanced ability to adsorb the two herbicides. Kd was 5.2 litre kg(-1) for isoproturon and 1.6 litre kg(-1) for MCPP in biobed material, which is higher than in natural soil. In different experiments with natural soil, Kd ranges from 0.07 to 0.6 litrekg(-1) for MCPP and from 1.5 to 4.6 litre kg(-1) for isoproturon in soils with varying organic carbon content. Degradation of MCPP was rapid at concentrations from 0.0005 to 500 mg kg(-1), delayed at 5000 mg kg(-1), and very slow at 25 000 mg kg(-1). For isoproturon, the relative degradation was most rapid at the lowest concentration and decreasing with increasing concentrations. After 120 days, between 55% and 8% 14C was evolved as 14CO2 at concentrations between 0.0005 and 25 000 mg kg(-1). The rate of evolution of 14CO2 indicated that degradation rates at low concentrations were of first-order and at higher concentrations of zero-order. Leaching of MCPP and isoproturon was determined in a newly established model biobed during a 2-year period. About 13% of applied MCPP and 1.4% of applied isoproturon leached out during the winter following the first autumn application (worst-case scenario). Leaching was completely prevented when the biobed had a well-developed grass cover and was covered during the winter.     

不同垫料组成对猪用发酵床细菌群落的影响

为了解垫料基质中细菌的群落结构多样性,应用PCR-DGGE技术对发酵床7种不同垫料(锯木屑、稻壳、酒糟、菌糠、醋糟、稻草、稻壳炭)的细菌群落结构进行了研究,根据DGGE指纹图谱,对它们的细菌群落多样性和优势条带进行了分析。结果表明,垫料样品的细菌多样性指数、丰富度均有所不同,酒糟垫料组细菌多样性指数最高,稻草垫料组细菌多样性指数最低。全锯木屑与50%稻壳相似性较高而聚为一类,与50%菌糠次之,与50%稻草的相似性最低。在垫料基质中检测到的菌群主要是节杆菌属(Arthrobacter sp.)、Amaricoccu sp.、马杜拉放线菌属(Actinomadura sp.)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillales sp.)、梭菌属(Clostridium sp.)、肠杆菌属(Escherichia sp.)、细杆菌属(Microbacterium sp.)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus sp.)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus sp.),以及一些未知的菌群。垫料组成是影响发酵床垫料微生物构成的重要因素,稻壳、菌糠作为垫料可部分替代锯木屑,而对发酵床垫料的微生物区系影响较小。     

养猪舍不同发酵床垫料碳素流向及二氧化碳与甲烷排放初探

为了探明发酵床养猪过程碳素流向及二氧化碳与甲烷排放特征,分别选取3种不同原料的发酵床:稻壳+锯木屑(FD)、稻壳+菌糠(FJ)、稻壳+酒糟(FW)作为研究对象,通过垫料采集和静态箱法收集气体,对一个养殖周期内的碳素变化和二氧化碳、甲烷排放量进行测定。结果表明,一个养殖周期结束后,3种发酵床二氧化碳与甲烷的排放总量占碳素总损失的比例分别为41.21%(FJ)、54.12%(FD)、48.27%(FW),是碳素转化的主要形式。3种垫料的二氧化碳排放特点呈现一定的相似性,均在养殖前期与后期各出现1个排放高峰期,后期排放量大于前期;其二氧化碳排放总量具有显著性差异,FD在整个养殖周期内二氧化碳排放量最大,其次是FJ。FJ与FW的甲烷排放特点与二氧化碳相似,均在养殖前期与后期出现两个排放高峰期且排放量大小相近,而FD的甲烷排放集中在前期,后期仅有微弱回升;3种发酵床的甲烷排放总量同样具有显著性差异,一个饲养周期内FW的甲烷排放总量最大,其次是FJ。通过相关性分析发现,3种发酵床二氧化碳与甲烷的排放呈负相关关系,初步表明发酵床存在甲烷氧化成二氧化碳的生物途径。     

Root diseases, weeds, and nematodes with poultry litter and conservation tillage in a sweet corn–snap bean double crop

The effect of continuous applications of poultry litter on root diseases, nematodes, and weeds with different tillage practices in vegetable production in Georgia was investigated. Litter treatments (noncomposted and composted broiler or breeder litter) applied 3–5 weeks before planting were compared with no litter. In sweet corn and snap bean there were differences among years, and tillage and litter treatments had a variable effect on yield, post-emergence damping-off and plant stand. Crown and brace root rot in corn induced by Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-2 increased after 3 years conservation tillage, but there were no differences among litter treatments. Population densities of R. solani AG-4 were increased by conservation tillage before planting snap bean the first year but not in later years, while litter treatments had no effect. After 3 years, populations of Pythium spp., Fusarium solani, and Fusarium spp. did not differ among treatments, but noncomposted broiler litter increased populations of saprophytic fungi in soil compared with no litter. Population densities of stylet-bearing nematodes were low and usually not different among treatments. After 3 years of sweet corn populations of Meloidogyne incognita increased with conventional tillage compared with conservation tillage, populations of Paratrichodorus christiei were reduced by litter treatments and populations of Helicotylenchus dihystera were reduced by noncomposted broiler litter compared with no litter. Weed infestation increased in both tillage systems with time, but in snap bean there was a greater infestation in conservation tillage than in conventional tillage. Litter treatments had little effect on weed infestation.     

施肥和凋落物添加对杉木人工林土壤养分和土壤微生物特性的影响

为解决杉木人工林土壤质量下降、地力衰退问题,以赣中南杉木人工林为研究对象,采用分解袋法,设置不同施肥处理与树种凋落物组合添加处理,研究其对土壤养分与土壤微生物特性的影响。结果显示,与不施肥对照处理相比,施用氮磷混合肥后杉木林土壤碱解氮和速效磷含量分别增加了10.7%和36.7%,且显著高于施加单一肥料处理。与不添加凋落物对照处理相比,添加杉木+闽楠混合凋落物和单独添加闽楠凋落物后,土壤微生物生物量均显著提高。结果表明,在杉木林生产中,提倡营造杉×阔混交林以及对现有杉木中幼龄纯林进行近自然化改造以改变其凋落物的组成、质量和数量,能充分利用多树种混合凋落物分解的加合效应,并配合施用氮磷复合肥料来改善杉木林土壤养分状况。     

黄土高原子午岭油松林枯落物的水源涵养功能评价

[目的]探究黄土高原子午岭林区不同密度人工油松林枯落物的水源涵养功能,为该区功能导向型林分改造提供理论依据。[方法]于2021年8月在甘肃省合水县子午岭连家砭林场选取6种不同林分密度(2 222,3 200,4 802,6 250,7 503,9 286株/hm²)的油松人工林为研究对象,采用坐标综合评价法对不同密度油松林枯落物的水源涵养功能进行评价。[结果](1)油松林枯落物的厚度和蓄积量分别介于2.78～7.30 cm和14.97～52.41 t/hm²,两者变化趋势均呈“单峰型”,峰值出现在林分密度4 802株/hm²;(2)林分密度3 200株/hm²的枯落物最大持水率(192.98%)和有效拦蓄率(152.04%)较高,而林分密度4 802株/hm²的枯落物的最大持水量(101.46 t/hm²)和有效拦蓄量(67.92 t/hm²)表现优良,且半分解层在枯落物降水拦蓄过程中起主要作用;(3)枯落物持水率(量)、吸水速率与浸...     

冀北山地6种天然纯林枯落物及土壤水文效应

以冀北山区6种典型纯林为对象,对枯落物层和土壤层水文效应进行初步研究,结果表明:①枯落物总储量变化范围在3.44～23.97t/hm2之间,顺序为白桦纯林>油松纯林>山杨纯林>五角枫纯林>蒙古栎纯林>黑榆纯林,最大持水量的变化范围为5.16～45.11t/hm2,顺序为五角枫纯林>山杨纯林>蒙古栎纯林>白桦纯林>油松纯林>黑榆纯林,山杨纯林有效拦蓄能力最强,为35.45t/hm2,黑榆纯林的拦蓄能力最弱,为2.66t/hm2;②未分解层枯落物8h基本达到饱和,半分解层在6h已经达到饱和,持水量与浸泡时间呈明显对数关系;枯落物在浸水的0.5h内吸水速率最大,4h左右时下降速度明显减缓,枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间呈明显幂函数关系;③土壤容重均值变化范围为0.82～1.14g/cm3,总孔隙度的变动范围为44.43%～56.97%;④土壤层有效持水能力以五角枫纯林最强,为116.00t/hm2,白桦纯林持水能力最弱,为40.50t/hm2,土壤入渗速率与入渗时间呈明显幂函数关系。