森林凋落物层的节肢动物与森林健康的关系

森林凋落物层的节肢动物是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,与森林健康关系密切.基于凋落物层的节肢动物的生态功能、群落结构组成和生物学特性,简要概述其作为指示生物的理论基础;主要选取弹尾目弹尾虫、鞘翅目步甲和膜翅目蚂蚁等节肢动物的生态特性、均匀度和丰富度等生物多样性指标,讨论凋落物层的节肢动物与森林健康间的密切关系;总结适宜作为指示生物的主要节肢动物类群,包括9目、12科,及其在森林生态系统中的生态功能;介绍最新的选择用于评价森林健康指示生物的方法-IndVal法,该方法通过比较不同生境间物种频率高低评价森林健康状况,简便易行、准确度高.同时,以凋落物层的节肢动物作为指示生物评价热带雨林的生态环境为案例进行分析,并指出以森林凋落物层的节肢动物作为指示生物监测和评价森林健康所存在的问题,提出利用多种指示物种建立综合指标的建议.     

落叶松枯落针叶水浸液对落叶松和云杉种子的萌发影响

研究了长白落叶松未分解和半分解枯落针叶的水浸液处理对红皮云杉种子和长白落叶松种子萌发的不同生物效应。对于长白落叶松种子萌发来说,长白落叶松半分解和未分解枯落针叶水浸液4.0 g/L浓度的处理效果均为最佳;而对于红皮云杉种子萌发来说,10.0 g/L浓度或0.5～1.0 g/L浓度的处理效果为最佳。长白落叶松枯落针叶水浸液处理对长白落叶松自身种子和对红皮云杉种子萌发的作用均有很大的差异,推测这是长白落叶松枯落针叶水浸液中所含的化感物质和营养物质与长白落叶松和红皮云杉萌发过程中种子产生的不同代谢物质之间不同相互作用的反映。     

景谷县森林枯落物水文作用研究

指出了森林枯落物是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,枯落物层是森林拦蓄降水的重要环节。为了调查景谷县森林枯落物水文作用,选取了具有代表性的6个大样区和18个标准样地进行调查取样,结果表明：（1）景谷县3种植被类型中枯落物蓄积量最大的是季雨林,最小的是暖性针叶林,常绿阔叶林和李雨林林下枯落物半分解层所占比例要比未分解层大,而暖性针叶林林下枯落物未分解层所占比例要比半分解层大;（2）景谷县3种植被类型中,常绿阔叶林枯落物自然含水率最高,季雨林最小,暖性针叶林介于二者中间;（3）自然状态下,阔叶林枯落物的最大持水率大于针叶林,但由于针叶林枯落物数量较多,不易分解糜烂,因此仍有很强的拦蓄能力,3种植被类型中,暖性针叶林的拦蓄能力是最强的。     

西藏色季拉山主要林型土壤的水文功能

运用典型样地法,对林芝地区的林芝云杉、高山松、方枝柏等6种不同森林类型土壤的水文生态功能进行了初步研究,结果表明:林芝地区不同森林类型凋落物总厚度林芝云杉最大,为8. 55cm;川滇高山栎林总厚度最小,只有2. 52cm;其它各种林分凋落物总厚度介于林芝云杉和川滇高山栎之间。总储量高山松林最高,为82.26t/hm2,川滇高山栎林最低,仅为10. 81t/hm2。林芝地区主要林分中林芝云杉的未分解层、半分解层、已分解层最大持水量最大,分别为52. 44、54. 50、63. 00t/hm2,未分解层川滇高山栎林最低,为5. 82t/hm2,半分解层糙皮桦最低,为9. 52t/hm2,已分解层西藏箭竹最低,为5. 78t/hm2。方枝柏土壤容重最小,为0. 50g/cm3,土层最薄(0. 70m),但总孔隙度和最大持水量最大。森林土壤蓄水能力大小排序为:方枝柏(7 987. 00t/hm2 )>林芝云杉(7 291. 00t/hm2 ) >糙皮桦(6992. 00t/hm2 ) >川滇高山栎(634. 70t/hm2 ) >高山松(5 980. 00t/hm2 ) >西藏箭竹(4 696. 50t/hm2 )。土壤渗透性高山松林最好,林芝云杉最弱;川滇高山栎、方枝柏林A层渗透速度远远大于B层、C层;糙皮桦和西藏箭竹林B层、C层相差不大,但都稍低于A层。     

北京九龙山不同林分枯落物及土壤水文效应

对北京九龙山油松、侧柏、黄栌3种纯林的枯落物层水文效应和土壤水分效应进行研究,结果表明:黄栌林分的枯落物总蓄积量最大,为13.15 t·hm-2,其次为油松和侧柏,分别为12.50、9.53 t·hm-2;黄栌的最大持水量和有效拦蓄量最大,分别为28.73、23.17 t·hm-2;侧柏的最小,分别为12.67、10.17 t·hm-2。未分解层和半分解层枯落物持水量分别在浸泡10 h后和8 h后达到饱和,二者的吸水速率均在浸泡2 h内最大,4 h后趋于平稳。不同层次枯落物持水量、吸水速率与浸泡时间均存在较好的函数关系;3个林地的土壤密度均值最大的为侧柏(1.30 g·cm-3),其次为油松和黄栌,分别为1.23、1.08 g·cm-3;黄栌的总孔隙度最大,为49.63%,其次为油松和侧柏,分别为49.49%、47.44%;侧柏林地的土壤有效持水量最大,为96.53 t·hm-2,其次为黄栌和油松,分别为88.23、69.00 t·hm-2。对入渗速率与入渗时间进行拟合分析,二者呈幂函数关系,其相关系数R2值均在0.90以上。     

川南马尾松低效人工林不同改造模式后枯落物持水特性分析

对川南马尾松低效人工林进行皆伐和林窗2种改造方式后进行枯落物持水特性研究。结果表明:林地枯落物蓄积量为对照林窗皆伐;其中2种改造方式后未分解层占总蓄积量的比例低于对照,已分解层蓄积量占总蓄积量的比例高于对照,半分解层蓄积量表现无规律;林地枯落物最大持水量大小为Φ30QKΦ10Φ20Φ40CK。不同分解层次最大持水量均表现为未分解层半分解层已分解层,且前两层最大持水量合计超过总持水量的80%;2种改造措施有效拦蓄量(8.85~11.14t/hm~2)高于对照(7.64t/hm~2)。不同改造措施初期吸水速率林窗模式为未分解层半分解层已分解层,皆伐改造模式半分解层未分解层已分解层;对照马尾松纯林为半分解层已分解层未分解层,趋于饱和持水量的时间多于林窗和皆伐模式;枯落物层持水量与浸水时间存在以下关系:w=aln t+b。R~2均在0.86以上,各时段持水量与浸水时间存在较显著相关关系,证明进行马尾松低效林改造,改变了地表枯落物的组成,对提高林地水源涵养和水土保持功能起到了重要作用。     

河北省太行山区3种人工水土保持林枯落物及土壤水文效应

[目的]揭示人工水土保持林林下枯落物以及土壤持水特征,为太行山区水土保持林的建造和规划提供理论依据。[方法]运用烘干法,室内浸泡法,环刀法等得出不同林分林下枯落物蓄积量、持水量、吸水速率、最大持水能力和拦蓄量,比较了不同林分枯落物和土壤的持水能力。[结果]枯落物总储量范围为9.96~19.19t/hm2,表现为栓皮栎林总储量最大,荒坡总储量最小。枯落物最大持水量变化范围为23.76~66.72t/hm2,栓皮栎—侧柏混交林最大,荒坡最小。栓皮栎—侧柏混交林有效拦蓄量可达51.50t/hm2,在各林分中最大;荒坡有效拦蓄量为19.55t/hm2,在各林分中最小。枯落物持水量、吸水速率均与浸泡时间呈相关关系,前者为对数关系(R0.97),后者为幂函数关系(R0.98)。各林分土壤容重均值介于1.14~1.55g/cm3,总孔隙度介于38.62%~43.76%。各林分土壤有效持水量表现为:刺槐林栓皮栎—侧柏混交林栓皮栎林荒坡,其中刺槐林最大(为106.85t/hm2),荒坡最小(为89.37t/hm2)。[结论]水土保持林持水能力远大于荒坡。     

不同龄组兴安落叶松林枯落物的水文效应

[目的]分析大兴安岭地区不同龄组兴安岭落叶松林枯落物蓄积量持水特性,为该地区森林水文效应研究提供理论基础和重要依据。[方法]选择不同龄组兴安落叶松天然林为研究对象,通过设置标准样地测定枯落物蓄积量,并采用浸水法测定枯落物持水特性,分析不同龄组兴安落叶松天然林枯落物水文效应。[结果]4个龄组兴安落叶松林枯落物蓄积量变化介于28.03~34.32t/hm2之间,最大持水量介于87.09~109.52t/hm2,最大持水量表现为随着林龄增加而增加的变化趋势,且半分解层的蓄积量都大于未分解层;经统计分析,试验4个龄组兴安落叶松林枯落物未分解层、半分解层的持水量与浸泡时间之间均符合对数关系,且吸水速率与浸泡时间之间也符合指数关系;枯落物对降水的拦蓄能力总体来看,半分解层对降雨的拦蓄能力较未分解层强。[结论]大兴安岭地区不同龄组兴安落叶松林枯落物蓄积量差异显著(除成熟林和近熟林之间),成熟林、近熟林和中林龄对于降水的拦蓄能力较幼龄林强。     

Culture-dependent and culture-independent microbial investigation of pine litters and soil in subtropical Australia

Background, aim, and scope  Forest plantations, widely grown for wood production, involve the selective promotion of single-tree species or replacement of natural species by exotic tree species. Slash pine (Pinus elliottii) has been chosen for reforestation of infertile sandy soils in southeast Queensland, Australia. These exotic pine plantations minimize soil and water losses and are important scientific study sites. The soil environment of these plantations, though devoid of sufficient nutrients, organic carbon and other factors, harbors innumerable bacteria that may play a crucial role in maintaining soil quality and ecosystem functions. These soil microorganisms also have the potential for use as sensitive biological indicators to reflect environmental changes. It is therefore essential to understand the interrelationships among bacterial communities and their environment by assessing their structural and functional diversity and their responses to disturbances. The main aim of our investigation was to determine the diversity of bacterial communities in forest litters and soil during the forest leaf litter decomposition using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. Materials and methods  A 25-cm (diameter) × 40-cm core sample was collected and fractionated into three subsamples designated E1 (L leaf litter layer), E2 (F leaf litter layer), and E5 (0–10 cm soil layer). Both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods were applied in this study. In the culture-independent study, a strategy of whole-community DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification followed by cloning and 16S rDNA sequence analysis was used; for culture-dependent study, the strategy included sample plating and bacteria isolating, DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The diversity similarities between two bacterial communities and two methods are quantified using Jensen–Shannon divergence. Results  From culture-dependent study, 336 colonies in total were isolated and grouped from the three subsamples, and the 16S rRNA sequence analysis from a representative isolate from each morphogroup (21 isolates) indicated that they belonged to the phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. Culture-independent assessment based on 16S rRNA gene library comprising 194 clones revealed that members of the phylum Actinobacteria were absent in the culture-independent studies. Clones in libraries from E1 consisted exclusively of members of the Firmicutes. The majority of clones from E2 were related to Firmicutes (79%) and Proteobacteria (21%). Clones derived from E5 were mostly affiliated with Acidobacterium (42%), followed by unclassified bacteria (27%), Verrucomicrobiales (12%), Proteobacteria (11%), and Planctomycetes (8%). Discussion  This study showed that bacterial culturabilities in different fractions of leaf litters were similar, and both of them were higher than the bacterial culturability in the soil. Unculturable bacterial diversity in the soil, however, was much higher than the leaf litter bacterial diversity. The bacterial diversity on the top layer of leaf litters was slightly less than that on the bottom layer of leaf litters. This might indicate that forest soils are a more complex environment than leaf litters are and also that they might inhabit more unculturable microorganisms in the forest soils, which would need to be further investigated. The leaf litter layer samples also demonstrate the significant difference between the bacterial community diversity discovered by these two methods in this study. The information provided by assessing the different fractions of leaf litters and forest soil has improved our understanding of the bacterial community distributions within the forest soil and the above-leaf litters in an exotic pine plantation of subtropical Australia. Conclusions  This study represents the first attempt to examine the bacterial community in the different fractions of forest leaf litters and soil in subtropical Australia. The data from this study show that the 16S rDNA clone libraries provided more comprehensive phylogenetic diversity in the soil and leaf litter samples than the culture collections provided, and both the culture-dependent and culture-independent studies revealed that the bacterial diversity present in the leaf litters was very different to that present in the soil. The comparative analysis of bacterial communities in different fractions of leaf litters and soil samples has also provided important baseline information about the bacterial diversity and composition in the exotic pine forest plantations. Recommendations and perspectives  The experimental data provided important information on the bacterial diversity in forest leaf litter and soil samples, though additional surveys and comparisons at different locations would be needed to further characterize. In addition, combined methods that can provide different parts of information on bacterial diversity are encouraged to be used in bacterial community study. The established libraries of diverse 16S rRNA gene fragments from slash pine leaf litters and forest soil can be used to construct specific DNA primers and probes to target bacterial groups of interest. It may then be possible to study the ecology of these bacterial communities and the role of specific bacterial groups that contribute to the many interesting properties of these environments.     

森林对坡面产流的影响研究

20世纪以来，森林与坡面产流的研究取得了长足进展，尤其在我国研究得比较深入与广泛。观测实验依然占绝对优势，径流小区实验仍是最广泛采用的方法。森林对坡面产流机制、坡面流态、产流量、产流过程、产流临界值都有影响，森林枯落物层对径流也有重要影响。坡面产流模型在森林水文学领域得到了应用。