Experimental evidence for direct in situ binding of IgM and IgT to early trophonts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouquet) in the gills of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Freshwater fish are able to mount a protective immune response against the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) following a non‐lethal exposure. Factors involved in immunity comprise cellular and humoral factors, but antibodies have been suggested to play a prominent role in protection. However, host antibodies have not yet been demonstrated to bind to the parasite in situ. By the use of immunohistochemical techniques, this study demonstrated that IgT and IgM bind to surface structures, including cilia, on the early feeding stage of the parasite in the gills of immune rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, shortly (2 h) after invasion. No binding of IgT and no or only a weak binding of IgM was observed on the parasites in the gills of similarly exposed but naïve rainbow trout. This study indicates that antibodies play an important part in the protection of immune fish against Ich although additional humoral and cellular factors may contribute to this reaction.     

昆虫嗅觉相关蛋白的研究进展

昆虫对自然环境中复杂化学信号的识别多依赖于其灵敏的嗅觉系统,选择寄主、觅食、寻找配偶等行为的发生都以嗅觉识别为基础,而完成嗅觉识别还需要多种嗅觉相关蛋白的参与。嗅觉相关蛋白主要包括6种,即气味结合蛋白、化学感受蛋白、气味受体、感觉神经元膜蛋白、离子型受体和气味降解酶。不同种类和性别的昆虫中,嗅觉蛋白的种类、数量和分布各不相同。由于嗅觉蛋白在昆虫识别外界气味分子中的重要作用,国内外近年来对其展开了广泛、深入的研究。本文从几种嗅觉相关蛋白的生化特性、分子结构、生理功能、分布表达部位和研究概况等角度,较详细地综述了近年来国内外昆虫嗅觉相关蛋白的研究进展。     

Association of RBP‐4 gene polymorphisms with follicular cysts in large white sows

Follicular cysts, which is a common infertility disease, can cause financial losses in pig breeding programmes. The pathogenesis and mechanisms of the formation of follicular cysts are not understood clearly. In our previous study, the concentration of retinol‐binding protein 4 (RBP‐4) in the follicular fluid (FF) of the ovary with follicular cysts was found to be significantly higher than that of normal ovary, thereby suggesting that RBP‐4 may be a candidate biomarker for porcine follicular cysts. To study the association of RBP‐4 and follicular cysts further, we detected the polymorphisms of the RBP‐4 gene and the presence of follicular cysts by PCR‐Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay. In this study, we screened the mutations of RBP‐4 gene in 79 sows with follicular cysts and 100 normal sows without cysts. Results showed that +249‐63G>C polymorphisms were significantly associated with follicular cysts, and sows with CC genotype in RBP‐4 gene had a high risk of developing follicular cysts. Hence, our findings further proved that RBP‐4 may be a novel biomarker for follicular cysts, which may be valuable for the diagnosis of follicular cysts and molecular breeding of pigs.     

双条杉天牛OBP与其嗅觉相关化学物质的分子对接及分子动力学分析

为探究双条杉天牛Semanotus bifasciatus气味结合蛋白（odorant binding protein,OBP）与信息化合物的识别结合机理,筛选出与OBP结合效果最佳的化学配体,选择在双条杉天牛触角中高表达的OBP2、OBP6、OBP7序列,通过Swiss-model在线软件对其进行同源模建,使用ERRAT程序、Procheck和Verify＿3D进行建模质量评估;采用Autodock软件对OBP模型和相关化学物质进行分子对接分析,通过GROMACS 2019.6软件包进行目的OBP与结合效果最佳配体复合体的分子动力学模拟。结果显示,OBP2、OBP6和OBP7模型所得到的ERRAT值分别为97.03%、94.06%和97.39%,三维结构与一级结构的兼容性所得评分大于0.2的氨基酸百分比均大于80.00%,且拉氏构象图中氨基酸位于最佳合理区的数量均大于90.00%,说明所建模型合理;在11个化合物中,柏木醇与OBP2、OBP6和OBP7的结合性能最好,结合能分别为-7.04、-6.86和-6.62 kJ/mol,在结合过程中,疏水作用力和氢键作用力共同作用使蛋白与配体...     

长期不同氮肥施用量对潮土团聚体分布和真菌群落组成的影响

不同氮肥施用量显著改变团聚体分布、真菌群落组成及生物胶结物质的产生，但它们之间是否存在相关性尚不清楚。以中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站长期定位试验（2005—2020年）为研究平台，其包含5个施氮水平：0（F0）、150 kg?hm-2（F1）、190 kg?hm-2（F2）、230 kg?hm-2（F3）和270 kg?hm-2（F4），研究了不同施氮量对土壤团聚体组成（>2 000 μm、2 000～250 μm、250～53 μm和<53 μm）的影响，以及团聚体组成与生物胶结物质（球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白（GRSP）及微生物生物量碳（MBC））和土壤真菌之间的相关关系。结果表明，土壤团聚体分布和真菌群落组成分为显著不同的3组，分别为F0、F1和F2以及F3和F4，其中，（1）F1和F2处理团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）最高，同时大于2 000 μm团聚体的质量比例显著增加，并与拟棘壳孢属（Pyrenochaetopsis）富集有关；（2）F1和F2、F3和F4处理均表现为2 000～250 μm团聚体的质量比例增加，而小于53 μm粉黏粒质量比例显著降低，2 000～250 μm团聚体的质量比例增加主要与易提取球囊霉素和总球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白比值（EE-GRSP/T-GRSP）以及易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白（EE-GRSP）显著正相关，而与亚隔孢壳属（Didymella）和被孢霉属（Mortierella）相对丰度显著负相关；小于53 μm粉黏粒质量比例显著降低主要与被孢霉属（Mortierella）、白腐菌属（Phlebia）、黑孢壳属（Melanospora）、Fusicolla、柄孢壳属（Podospora）和亚隔孢壳属（Didymella）相对丰度显著正相关，而与EE-GRSP和/或支顶孢属（Acremonium）、柱霉属（Scytalidium）、外瓶霉属（Exophiala）、EE-GRSP/T-GRSP、MBC显著负相关。因此，土壤团聚体稳定性的变异程度受氮肥施用水平影响。本研究条件下，150 kg?hm-2和190 kg?hm-2施氮水平下的团聚体稳定性超过230 kg?hm-2和270 kg?hm-2施氮水平，与不同施氮量下真菌群落组成及其胶结物质变化显著相关。     

植物MYB蛋白与相应靶DNA结合位点间的相互作用

MYB转录因子家族是功能多样、数量众多的转录因子之一,参与调控植物发育、代谢和对逆境胁迫响应等多种生理过程。近些年研究人员一直致力于研究MYB转录因子的特点和功能分析,目前对转录因子和其靶DNA相互作用已有了解,但对于植物R2R3-MYB蛋白与它们的同源靶DNA相互作用的分子机制的理解并不完整。本文结合最新研究进展,综述了植物MYB转录因子家族的进化、生物学功能以及表达调控,并着重阐述了植物MYB蛋白与相应靶DNA间相互作用特性,为进一步分析功能未知的植物MYB转录因子提供了参考。     

Molecular characerization of the interaction between the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum and tomato

The fungus Cladosprium fulvum is a biotrophic leaf pathogen of tomato. The fungus develops in the intercellular space without forming specialized feeding structures and does not affect the leaf tissue. The outcome of the C. fulvum-tomato interaction can be described by the gene-for-gene model. Failure of infection is expressed by a hypersensitive response. Two fungal proteins, ECP1 and ECP2, have been isolated and their corresponding genes have been cloned. In a compatible interaction including many physiological races ECP1 and ECP2 are highly produced and a role in pathogenicity is suggestive. The ecp1 gene shows some homology with tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) while the ecp2 gene shows no homology with sequences known in data bases. However, disruption of one of the two genes showed no reduced pathogenicity of the fungus. Two race-specific elicitors, AVR4 and AVR9, have been isolated and their corresponding genes have been cloned. The avirulence genes Avr4 and Avr9 are only present in C. fulvum avirulent on Cf-4 and Cf-9 cultivars, respectively. The expression of these two genes is, like the expression of the ecp genes, highly induced when the fungus grows in planta. Disruption of the Avr9 gene in wild type avirulent races leads to virulence on tomato genotypes carrying the complementary resistance gene Cf-9. A single base-pair change in the avirulence gene Avr4 leads to virulence on tomato genotypes carrying the Cf-4 resistance gene. Isolation, characterization and possible function of ECP1, ECP2, AVR4, and AVR9 will be discussed.     

用稀悬液Wien效应测量法来研究重金属离子与水稻土的相互作用

Interactions of three heavy metal ions, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺, and, for comparison, Na⁺ with electrodialytic clay fractions (less than 2 μm in diameter) of four paddy soils as well as a yellow-brown soil as a control soil were evaluated based on measurements of the Wien effect in dilute suspensions with a clay concentration of 10 g kg^?1 in four nitrate solutions of 2 × 10^?4/z mol L^?1, where z is the cation valence, and a nitric acid solution of 3 × 10^?5 mol L^?1. Field strengths ranging from 15 to 230 kV cm^?1 were applied for measuring the electrical conductivities (ECs) of the suspensions. The mean free binding energies between the various cations and all of the soils determined from exchange equilibrium increased in the order: Na⁺ < Cd²⁺ < Cu²⁺ < Pb²⁺. In general, the ECs of the suspensions in the sodium nitrate solution were smaller than those of the suspensions in the heavy metal solutions because of the lower electrophoretic mobility of sodium compared to the divalent cations. In terms of relative electrical conductivity-field strength relationships, relative electrical conductivity (REC) of suspensions containing various cations at field strengths larger than about 50 kV cm^?1 were in the descending order: Na⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Cd²⁺ > Pb²⁺ for all tested soils. A characteristic parameter of the REC-field strength curves, ΔREC₂₀₀, REC at a field strength of 200 kV cm^?1 minus that at the local minimum of the concave segment of the REC-field strength curves, characterized the strength of adsorption of the cations stripped off by the applied strong electrical field, and for all soils the values of ΔREC₂₀₀ were generally in the order: Na⁺ < Cu²⁺ ≤ Cd²⁺ ≤ Pb²⁺.     

绵羊IGFBP-7基因的克隆及序列分析

试验以凉山半细毛羊为研究对象,采用RT-PCR方法克隆了其IGFBP-7基因的CDS全序列,生物信息学方法深入分析其序列。结果表明,凉山半细毛羊IGFBP-7基因的CDS序列为846 bp,编码282个氨基酸,与牛、人、鼠的CDS同源性分别为99%、95%、90%,氨基酸序列同源性分别为98%、93%、89%,Gen Bank登录号为FJ589640.1;IGFBP-7基因的氨基酸分子质量为29.0 ku,理论等电点(p I)为8.25;进化分析显示其与牛、山羊等哺乳动物关系较近,与斑马鱼、鲍等亲缘关系较远;IGFBP-7基因的蛋白质疏水性区域与亲水性区域间隔较为均匀分布,有1个信号肽、2个跨膜区、16个磷酸化位点、4个N-糖基化位点和1个O-糖基化位点;二级结构分析显示无规卷曲、α-螺旋和β-折叠区域分别为64.89%、19.86%、15.25%;三级结构分析显示存在IGFBP_N和Ig-like功能域。该试验为进一步研究绵羊IGFBP-7基因的功能奠定了基础。