北方庭院生态农业工程模式及效益分析

庭院生态农业工程模式是通过沼气池发酵，使系统内的物质、能量实现多层次转化，集约利用，把各个子系统的功能转换作为系统的纽带，使生产者、消费者、还原者三个系统密切结合，取得显著的经济、生态和社会效益。庭院生态农业工程模式年经济效益可达近万元，光合作用效率、同化效率、生物质能利用效率、土地资源利用效率均提高，直辖市单纯大棚种菜与单纯大棚养猪的矛盾，科学地解决了北方沼气池越冬问题，沼渣、沼液回田，改良土壤，再生能源，美化环境，该模式适于北方推广。     

甘薯高产高效栽培技术

介绍了甘薯高效栽培技术,包括种薯选择、种薯育苗、选地整地、大田扦插、田间管理、病虫害防治以及适时采收等方面内容,以期为广大甘薯种植户提供一套高产高效栽培种植技术。     

2002～2004年广西甘蔗新品种区试表现

2002～2004年在广西5个试点进行2年新植、2年宿根甘蔗新品种区域试验,4年20次P44蔗茎产量最高,平均每公顷产蔗量为99041kg,其次是Q141为97553kg,Mex105为92299kg,新台糖25号为86415kg,台优为86141kg,比对照种新台糖16号分别增产20.30%、18.49%、12.11%、4.96%、4.63%;My55-14为81780kg、粤糖93/159为78285kg,比对照种减产0.67%和4.91%。4年60次(每年11月至次年1月3次)蔗糖分分析结果,粤糖93/159蔗糖分最高,平均达16.13%,Mex105为16.09%,Q141为15.49%,新台糖25号为15.12%,P44为15.07%,台优为15.01%,比对照种分别提高1.19%、1.15%、0.56%、0.19%、0.13%、0.07%,My55-14为13.82%,比对照种下降1.11%(绝对值)。     

施用生物肥料，镁石灰石，玄武岩可改善马来西亚酸性硫酸盐土壤化学性质与水稻生长状况

Acid sulfate soils are normally not suitable for crop production unless they are appropriately ameliorated. An experiment was conducted in a glasshouse to enhance the growth of rice, variety MR219, planted on an acid sulfate soil using various soil amendments.The soil was collected from Semerak, Kelantan, Malaysia. Ground magnesium limestone（GML）, bio-fertilizer, and basalt（each 4t ha^-1） were added either alone or in combinations into the soil in pots 15 d before transplanting. Nitrogen, P and potash were applied at 150, 30, and 60 kg ha^-1, respectively. Three seven-day-old rice seedlings were transplanted into each pot. The soil had a p H of 3.8 and contained organic C of 21 g kg^-1, N of 1.2 g kg^-1, available P of 192 mg kg^-1, exchangeable K of 0.05 cmolc kg^-1,and exchangeable Al of 4.30 cmol c kg^-1, with low amounts of exchangeable Ca and Mg（0.60 and 0.70 cmol c kg^-1）. Bio-fertilizer treatment in combination with GML resulted in the highest p H of 5.4. The presence of high Al or Fe concentrations in the control soil without amendment severely affected the growth of rice. At 60 d of growth, higher plant heights, tiller numbers and leaf chlorophyll contents were obtained when the bio-fertilizer was applied individually or in combination with GML compared to the control. The presence of beneficial bacteria in bio-fertilizer might produce phytohormones and organic acids that could enhance plant growth and subsequently increase nutrient uptake by rice. Hence, it can be concluded that addition of bio-fertilizer and GML improved rice growth by increasing soil pH which consequently eliminated Al and/or Fe toxicity prevalent in the acid sulfate soil.     

使用泰妙菌素对母猪系统保健的效果分析

母猪分娩后子宫内膜炎—乳房炎—无乳综合症是规模化养猪场的常见症状。夏季使用泰妙菌素与金霉素药物组合保健的实践结果证明:保健组母猪群子宫内膜炎—乳房炎—无乳综合症的发生率明显低于对照组,保健组、对照组综合症发生率分别为4.31%和24.14%(P<0.01),断乳后7 d的发情配种率明显提高,分别为87.9%和75.9%(P<0.01),保健组产房中仔猪的断奶成活率和断乳窝重都比对照组有所改善,系统用药保健6个月后,保健母猪群的窝均产活仔数比对照生产区的同品种猪群提高0.6头。     

Rewarding farmers for delivering vascular plant diversity in managed grasslands: A transdisciplinary case-study approach

Due to lack of appropriate economic incentives offered by current markets the provision of ecosystem services by farmers is poorly rewarded. This study aimed to correct for this market failure by establishing a regionally-scaled market-based payment scheme for ecosystem services. Payments to farmers were linked to ecological goods representing differently ranked quality-levels of vascular plant diversity that were used as proxies for ecological services derived from managed grasslands. To reward the provision of ecological goods, we designed a novel market-based payment scheme that comprised a combination of a payment by results approach with an auction mechanism. Our results demonstrated that an appropriately designed payment scheme at a regional scale could support farming systems that are managed for delivering ecological goods in addition to the production of market goods such as food and fibre. Hence, instead of maximising economic profit through high-input management practices farmers within the case-study region had, for the first time, the possibility to diversify their total income risk by producing verifiable ecological goods of grassland plant diversity.     

A framework for results‐based management in fisheries

We present a framework for results‐based management (RBM) of commercial fisheries. The core idea of RBM is to reduce micromanagement by delegating management responsibility to resource users. The RBM framework represents an industrial organization approach to co‐management and comprises three defining processes, conducted by three independent “agents”: (i) an “authority” defines specific and measurable and achievable objectives (outcome targets, OTs) for the utilization of fisheries resources, (ii) resource user organizations (termed “operators”) take responsibility for achieving these OTs and provide documentation that (iii) allows independent “auditors” to evaluate the achievement of OTs. Using incentive mechanisms, notably deregulation, RBM grants operators the flexibility to develop and implement innovative and cost‐effective ways to achieve OTs. The feasibility of implementing RBM in five European fisheries was investigated in cooperation with relevant stakeholders through artificial planning processes and computer simulations. The operators involved were enthusiastic, and new management plans were drafted based on the framework. These included socioeconomic OTs in addition to traditional stock objectives, encompassing an ecosystem approach. Several issues are in need of further research to consolidate the approach and prepare the ground for practical implementation, including: the specification of the legal and regulatory framework required to underpin RBM, details of transitional arrangements when shifting towards RBM (including cost‐sharing) and the development of necessary organizational capacity for operators. Initially, we therefore envisage the framework being applied to high‐value single‐species fisheries, with a limited number of participants, which are adequately represented by a competent organization.     

注射四联疫苗与有益微生物联用在草鱼池塘养殖中的应用效果

为提高草鱼抗病害能力,并维持良好的水体环境,在中山市东升镇北洋水产养殖场选用12口池塘开展注射草鱼细菌性烂鳃、肠炎、赤皮三联灭活疫苗与病毒性出血病冻干疫苗相混合的四联苗,并联用有益微生物的示范性试验。结果显示,注射四联疫苗后草鱼的抗体效价在D7时即可检测到,D30时达最高值,D90时仍维持该水平;注射四联疫苗组草鱼的免疫原性比空白对照组提高,平均成活率提高29.7%(P0.01),平均免疫保护率为90.9%;使用有益微生物在改良水质、优化养殖环境方面作用显著,可提高草鱼平均存活率7.9%(P0.05);疫苗与有益微生物制剂联用组草鱼的平均成活率提高31.7%(P0.01),获得免疫保护率达96.6%;四联苗组、有益微生物组、四联苗与有益微生物联用组的日增重、净增重、增重率、特定生长率均比对照组提高,饵料系数降低,3个试验组草鱼的收益比对照组分别增加875、1854、2255元(P0.05)。上述试验结果证明,草鱼四联疫苗与有益微生物联用的养殖效果最佳,既可增强鱼体抗病害能力,提高存活率,促进生长,又可改善养殖水体环境,具有良好的协同效益,极具推广应用价值。     

逆境胁迫下的农业管理中土壤-植物-微生物相互作用研究进展

The expected rise in temperature and decreased precipitation owing to climate change and unabated anthropogenic activities add complexity and uncertainty to agro-industry.The impact of soil nutrient imbalance,mismanaged use of chemicals,high temperature,flood or drought,soil salinity,and heavy metal pollutions,with regard to food security,is increasingly being explored worldwide.This review describes the role of soil-plant-microbe interactions along with organic manure in solving stressed agriculture problems.Beneficial microbes associated with plants are known to stimulate plant growth and enhance plant resistance to biotic (diseases) and abiotic (salinity,drought,pollutions,etc.) stresses.The plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhizae,a key component of soil microbiota,could play vital roles in the maintenance of plant fitness and soil health under stressed environments.The application of organic manure as a soil conditioner to stressed soils along with suitable microbial strains could further enhance the plant-microbe associations and increase the crop yield.A combination of plant,stress-tolerant microbe,and organic amendment represents the tripartite association to offer a favourable environment to the proliferation of beneficial rhizosphere microbes that in turn enhance the plant growth performance in disturbed agro-ecosystem.Agriculture land use patterns with the proper exploitation of plant-microbe associations,with compatible beneficial microbial agents,could be one of the most effective strategies in the management of the concerned agriculture lands owing to climate change resilience.However,the association of such microbes with plants for stressed agriculture management still needs to be explored in greater depth.     

层次分析法在生态预警中的应用--以酒泉绿洲为例

根据酒泉绿洲的生态环境现状 ,建立了酒泉绿洲生态环境预警评价指标体系。运用层次分析法对该指标体系中的各因子进行了统计分析 ,确定了各生态因子的具体权重 ,得出了各影响因子的重要性排序。根据排序结果 ,对酒泉绿洲的生态环境作了预警评价并提出了主要生态问题的防治措施