电子废弃物拆解污染土壤施用污泥发酵渣对香根草吸收与转运重金属的影响

为探究施用污泥高温好氧发酵渣（以下简称“发酵渣”）对电子废弃物拆解污染土壤改良和植被恢复的影响,通过盆栽试验比较添加不同剂量发酵渣（3%和6%）对土壤有机质、养分、重金属形态及香根草吸收与转运重金属等的影响。结果显示：施用发酵渣显著提高了土壤溶解性有机质的荧光指数和在226~400nm范围内的紫外吸光度积分值,但显著降...     

杨凌城市污泥重金属环境风险评价及合理施用量研究

为科学确定污泥施用量和评价污泥中重金属的环境风险,根据重金属不同形态的环境效应引入毒性响应系数确定了污泥的合理施用量,并采用单项污染指数、内梅罗综合指数和地积累指数对污泥中重金属的污染程度进行了评价.初步确定杨凌城市污泥合理施用量为4.04 t/（hm2·a）,Cd是限制该地区污泥施用的最主要因素,该方法突出了重金属形态的重要性,弥补了以往对重金属只进行总量控制的不足.     

废木片调理有机固体废弃物有氧堆肥工艺研究

食品加工厂剩余污泥含有丰富的有机质及氮、磷和微量元素等养分,可作为有机肥料和土壤改良剂。针对食品剩余污泥特性,采用高温好氧堆肥工艺,用牛粪、米糠、木片做添加剂,探讨了3组配比实验：第1桶,食品剩余污泥∶牛粪∶米糠∶木片=1∶0.5∶0.34∶0.71;第2桶,食品剩余污泥∶牛粪∶米糠∶木片=1∶0.5∶0.45∶0.86;第3桶,食品剩余污泥∶牛粪∶米糠∶木片=1∶0.5∶0.23∶0.56。综合实验结果分析,第2桶的效果最好,最后达到的参数指标温度、含水率、pH值、有机质含量、TOC的数值分别为28.1℃、30.6%、6.8、69.2%、29.1%。     

添加烟草废弃物对堆肥腐熟度及抑制线虫作用的影响

以鸡粪和小麦秸秆为堆肥原料,在C/N为25与含水率为60%的条件下采用静态好氧堆肥工艺,研究了不添加烟草废弃物(CK)和在初始期(A)、高温期(B)、一次发酵完成(C)和陈化腐熟后(D)添加1.5%(干重质量比)烟草废弃物对堆体发酵温度、总碳(TC)、发芽率指数(GI)和根结线虫校正死亡率的影响。结果表明:添加烟草废弃物会降低堆肥发酵过程的温度,影响微生物对有机物料的分解,不利于堆肥物料的快速腐熟。CK处理的GI值在19d时已超过腐熟度标准80%的要求,而添加烟草的处理A、B和C的GI值在19d时仍低于80%;在处理45d时处理CK、A、B、C和D的GI值分别为102.6%、95.6%、85.8%、83.4%和70.4%;这表明烟草废弃物对植物生长具有一定的抑制作用。烟草废弃物和处理C与D堆肥产品浸出液的线虫校正致死率都达到了100%;而处理CK、A和B堆肥产品浸出液的线虫校正致死率依次为44.4%、28.2%和70.0%;这表明烟草废弃物经过发酵的时间越长,对线虫的抑制效果就越差;在堆肥一次发酵完成后添加烟草废弃物,不但可避免其对堆肥进程和植物生长的不利影响,而且经过陈化腐熟后仍能保持对根结线虫的抑制作用。     

苏北沿海地区啤酒大麦施肥技术

苏北沿海地区具有啤酒大麦生长得天独厚的自然条件,其是全国优质啤酒大麦主产区之一。通过对啤酒大麦科学施肥原则的阐述,提出了当地优质啤酒大麦科学施肥的方法和技术要点。     

蚕沙好氧堆肥腐熟度指标研究

堆肥腐熟度是衡量堆肥反应进程和堆肥产品质量的主要参数,为了探索蚕沙堆肥腐熟度的快速评价体 系,以蚕沙为主要堆肥材料,以蘑菇渣和谷壳作为调理剂,采用静态好氧堆肥模式进行3 种堆肥处理,研究蚕沙堆肥处 理过程中理化、生物学性状的变化规律,并对各指标作相关性分析。结果表明,当发芽指数逸80%,C/N 和T值分别降至 12.07和0.76,堆肥颜色呈黑色、无气味、温度降至常温时,蚕沙堆肥达到充分腐熟。因此,蚕沙堆肥处理过程中的堆肥颜 色、气味、温度、C/N、T 值及发芽指数与蚕沙好氧堆肥腐熟度紧密相关,可作为蚕沙好氧堆肥腐熟度快速评价指标。     

堆肥过程中水溶性有机物常规荧光与固体表面荧光光谱比较

为研究固体表面荧光表征堆肥有机质结构及物质转化特征的可行性,采集堆肥原样,提取水溶性有机物,分别对两者的含碳量及前者的固体表面荧光和后者的常规荧光光谱进行分析。结果显示：堆肥过程中,水溶性有机物占总堆肥有机物的比例不断下降,第40天降至5.1 g/kg。堆肥进行时,水溶性有机物的发射、激发光谱及同步荧光光谱中的类腐殖质荧光的强度均不断增强,而堆肥原样的激发、发射和同步3种扫描形式的固体表面荧光却不断降低。3种荧光光谱中,堆肥原样和水溶性有机物的同步荧光光谱在常规荧光光谱和固体表面荧光中都出现了类蛋白和类腐     

The effects of compost in a rice–wheat cropping system on aggregate size,carbon and nitrogen content of the size–density fraction and chemical composition of soil organic matter,as shown by 13C CP NMR spectroscopy

We investigated whether the long‐term application of compost from agricultural waste improved soil physical structure, fertility and soil organic matter (SOM) storage. In 2006, we began a long‐term field experiment based on a rice–wheat rotation cropping system, having a control without fertilizer (NF) and three treatments: chemical fertilizers (CF), pig manure compost (PMC) and a prilled mixture of PMC and inorganic fertilizers (OICF). Following the harvest of wheat in 2010, the mean‐weight diameter (MWD) of water‐stable aggregates and the concentration of C and N in bulk soil (0–20 cm; <2 mm fraction) were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in PMC and NF plots than in CF or OICF plots. Pig manure compost significantly increased the proportion of >5‐mm aggregates, whereas CF significantly increased the proportion of 0.45‐ to 1‐mm aggregates. The C and N contents of all density fractions were greater in PMC than in other treatments with levels decreasing in the following order: free particulate organic matter (fPOM) >occluded particulate organic matter (oPOM) > mineral‐combined SOM (mineral–SOM). Solid‐state ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra showed that alkyl C/O‐alkyl C ratios and aromatic component levels of SOM were smaller in PMC and OICF plots than in CF plots, suggesting that SOM in PMC and OICF plots was less degraded than that in CF plots. Nevertheless, yields of wheat in PMC and NF plots were smaller than those in CF and OICF plots, indicating that conditions for producing large grain yields did not maintain soil fertility.     

Rice Growth and Nutrient Accumulation as Affected by Different Composts

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of four different kinds of compost: pea–rice hull compost (PRC), cattle dung–tea compost (CTC), hog dung–rice hull compost (HDR), and hog dung–sawdust compost (HDS). These types of compost differ in nitrogen composition and in the dry matter yield and nutrient accumulation [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)], of rice plants. The rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants were planted in an Oxisol soil. Plants were cultivated in pots, which contained 3 kg of soil, mixed with the four different composts (PRC, 404 g; CTC, 395 g; HDR, and HDS, 450 g) and chemical fertilizer (CHEM) (N:P₂O₅:K₂O=120:96:72) The residual effect was studied after the crop was harvested. All treatments were replicated four times, with a randomized complete block design. The nutrient concentrations in the root, leaf sheath, leaf blade, stalk, and grain were analyzed at different growth stages. After the first crop, the dry matter yield and the amount of N, P, and K absorbed from the CTC or HDS treatments were higher than those of the other treatments, at the most active tillering stage. The growth and nutrient accumulation of rice plants given the PRC treatment were higher than those given the CHEM treatment at the heading stage or the HDR treatment at the maturity stage. In the second crop, the dry matter yield from the PRC, CTC, and HDR treatments was higher than from the other treatments. The nutrient accumulation of the rice plants was positively correlated with the dry matter yield. The residual effect of the HDS compost was the least among all four composts.