饮用天然高钼水诱发的钼中毒耕牛主要生物酶测定

本研究对高钼饮水诱导钼中毒的耕牛及对照牛的血浆及组织（肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、脾脏、心脏、肌肉）中超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、黄嘌呤氧化酶（ＸＯＤ）及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ）等３种生物酶活性进行了对比分析测定。结果表明,血浆和组织中ＳＯＤ、ＸＯＤ及ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ均随着钼中毒的加重其活性显著下降。这３种生物酶是钼中毒比较灵敏且相关较大的生化指标,对钼中毒具有一定诊断价值;测定ＳＯＤ。ＸＯＤ、ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ可作为钼中毒监测的重要手段。     

基于无线传感器网络的奶牛行为特征监测系统设计

奶牛等大型动物的疾病和发情状况目前主要依赖饲养员目测判断,大规模集约化养殖仍采用人工观测方法,这不仅带来繁重的人力负担,也容易误判。为了能自动准确地识别奶牛是否发情或生病,该文提出在奶牛颈部安装无线传感器节点,通过各种传感器获取奶牛的体温、呼吸频率和运动加速度等参数,采用K-均值聚类算法对提取的各种参数进行行为特征多级分类识别,以此建立的动物行为监测系统能准确区分奶牛静止、慢走、爬跨等行为特征,从而可以长时间监测奶牛的健康状态。而且,这种监测系统易于推广到对其他动物的监测,对促进养殖业和畜牧业的发展也具有指导意义。     

凹凸棒添加对有机肥发酵温度及养分的影响

为充分利用凹凸棒石的吸附性能,降低有机肥发酵过程中的碳氮损失,减少臭气排放,设置4个不同凹凸棒石添加量（0、5%、10%、15%）,探讨凹凸棒石添加量对有机肥发酵温度、养分含量及养分损失率的影响。结果显示：相比不添加凹凸棒石的对照,添加凹凸棒石可降低堆肥发酵最高温度,延长高温持续时间,降低堆体水分损失速率; 5%凹凸棒石添加可显著降低氮素损失约10个百分点,但当其添加量超过10%时,氮素损失反而增加;添加凹凸棒石显著降低了有机质含量和损失率,且凹凸棒石添加量与有机质损失率呈显著负相关关系。此外,添加凹凸棒石可提高有机肥的钾素含量,但对磷素的含量和损失无显著影响。研究表明,有机肥生产工艺中,凹凸棒石的适宜添加量应为物料总质量的5%~10%。     

贵草1号多花黑麦草饲喂奶牛的效果

为促进贵草1号多花黑麦草的推广应用,2004-2005年进行了贵草1号多花黑麦草饲喂奶牛的初步研究.结果表明,在奶牛日粮中补喂贵草1号多花黑麦草能极显著提高产奶量,干物质采食量(DMI)显著增加,乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖以及干物质含量变化不大,乳脂量显著增加,乳蛋白量极显著增加,体细胞数显著下降.在日粮中性洗涤纤维(NDF)相同的条件下用贵草1号多花黑麦草替代青贮玉米,不会降低乳脂率和产奶量.在奶牛日粮中大量使用贵草1号多花黑麦草可以有效提高经济效益.     

颗粒细胞单层对黄牛孤雌胚胎体外发育的影响

为优化颗粒细胞单层共培养体系,研究了不同类型、不同种属的颗粒细胞单层及不同时间更换培养单层对黄牛孤雌胚胎体外发育的影响.结果表明.就卵裂率、囊胚率和囊胚孵出率而言.壁颗粒细胞单层组与丘颗粒细胞单层组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);来自黄牛、猪和小鼠的颗粒细胞单层在支持黄牛孤雌胚胎体外发育方面无显著差异(P>0.05):就囊胚率而言,共培养的第3天和第6天两次更换单层分别与共培养的第4天更换单层和始终不更换单层的对照组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),但第4天更换单层与对照组之间有显著差异(P<0.05).所以.不同类型和不同种属的颗粒细胞单层都能很好地支持黄牛孤雌胚胎的体外发育.在胚胎的体外发育过程中更换培养单层可以明显提高胚胎的囊胚率和囊胚孵出率,并且在共培养的第4天更换培养单层可以得到较高的囊胚率.     

不同牛粪施用量对矮象草产草量、营养物质含量及干物质降解率的影响

 【目的】阐明不同牛粪施用量对矮象草产量、营养物质含量及干物质降解率的影响,旨在通过合理施用牛粪提高矮象草的营养价值、降低牛粪中氮、铁、锌和铜等物质对环境的污染。【方法】试验设置不施牛粪（0 kg鲜牛粪/10 kg土）、低量牛粪（3 kg鲜牛粪/10 kg土）和高量牛粪（6 kg鲜牛粪/10 kg土）3组处理,采用盆栽试验和肉牛瘤胃降解试验测定了在不同牛粪施用量下矮象草的产草量、营养物质含量及营养物质降解率的变化。【结果】施用低量和高量牛粪均能极显著的（P＜0.01）提高矮象草的茎和叶干物质产量,其中茎干物质产量分别比不施牛粪提高45.5%和54.5%,叶干物质产量分别提高85.7%和121.4%;施用低量和高量牛粪矮象草叶蛋白质含量和中性洗涤纤维含量也显著地（P＜0.05）高于不施牛粪,其中叶蛋白质含量分别提高13.3%和20.9%。矮象草植株中锌和铜累积能力均表现为：根＞叶＞茎。有机物在瘤胃内尼龙袋中的降解率随牛粪施用量的增加和在瘤胃内的停留时间的延长而增加。【结论】增加牛粪施用量可提高矮象草的产草量、营养物质含量及干物质在瘤胃内的降解率,从而提高矮象草的饲用价值,减少日粮中蛋白质饲料和微量元素添加剂的使用量,但牛粪的适宜施用量还有待于进一步深入研究。     

补铜对铜缺乏奶牛血浆7项生化指标的影响

选择10头患铜缺乏症泌乳奶牛,每头牛内服硫酸铜4 g.d-1,每周1次,连续服用2周,测定补铜前后奶牛血浆Cu、SOD、BUN、Glu、TP、T-AOC、MDA含量。结果显示:试验奶牛补铜后,血浆BUN、TP、SOD水平略高于补铜前(P0.05),血浆Glu、Cu、T-AOC水平明显高于补铜前(P0.05或P0.01),血浆MDA水平显著低于补铜前(P0.01)。结论:补铜能有效的改善铜缺乏奶牛机体能量代谢和抗氧化能力。     

伊犁地区荷斯坦奶牛体尺体重及外貌评分对产奶量的影响

[目的]了解荷斯坦奶牛体尺、体重及外貌评分对产奶量的影响.[方法]通过对伊犁地区荷斯坦奶牛和褐牛的品种、外貌、体尺测定登记与整理,统计伊犁地区奶牛的体高、体长、胸围、管围、体重及外貌评分并利用数据,通过SPSS13.0统计软件进行产奶量的相关性分析.[结果]荷斯坦奶牛体高、体长、胸围、管围、体重、外貌评分对产奶量有显著影响(P＜0.01).[结论]为今后该地区在奶牛群的遗传选育和生产实践中正确考虑奶牛体尺、体重、体型性状、外貌性状对生产性能的影响,选择高产、稳产、健康的奶牛,合理规划育种方案和加强饲养管理,提供可靠的依据.     

The Study on the Effects of Chinese Herbal Mixtures on Growth, Activity of Post-Ruminal Digestive Enzymes and Serum Antioxidant Status of Beef Cattle

Sixteen Limousin×Luxi crossbred beef cattle [099.4±8.67) kg] were used to evaluate the effects of Chinese herbal mixtures (CHM) on growth, activities of post-ruminal digestive enzymes and serum antioxidant status of beef cattle. Treatments were control (no CHM supplementation) and three formulations of CHM (CHM-A, CHM-B and CHM-C) that were arranged as completely randomized design. The calves were fed in indoor individual feeding barn with total mixed ration for 90 d.The CHM-A, CHM-B, and CHM-C was incorporated into the diet at the level of 20 g kg-1 DM (dry matter) of concentrate.The cattle were weighted at the beginning, at the end and every 15 d between to determine growth rate. Blood sample was taken every 30 d to analyze activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA). The cattle were slaughtered at the end of experiment and chymus samples from various section of the post-ruminal digestive tract were collected to analyze enzymes activities. All cattle had similar average daily gain, but cattle supplemented with CHM-A tended faster growth (P=0.08) compared to the control and other CHM treatments. Supplementation of CHM did not affect Ph of chymus in any section of the post-ruminal digestive tract.Activities of pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and lipase in chymus samples were enhanced (P<0.05) to various extents by supplementation of CHM-A, CHM-B, and CHM-C depending on the enzymes and the site of the digestive tract. Amylase activity was increased only by CHM-A and CHM-C from chymus sample collected at the ileum. Supplementation of CHM-A and CHM-B reduced (P<0.05) concentration of MDA, but did not affect GSH-PX activity in the serum of cattle throughout the entire experimental period. Cattle supplemented with CHM-B also had higher (P<0.05) T-SOD activity in the serum at day 30 and 60 as compared with the control and the other two CHM treatments. Chinese herbal mixtures supplemented at the levels of 20 g kg-1 DM of concentrate increased post-ruminal digestive enzymes activity and enhanced serum antioxidant status. Inclusion of CHM-A and CHM-B in the diet may be favourable for ruminant production.