短莛飞蓬挥发油化学成分的研究

用水蒸汽蒸馏的方法提取挥发油,用面积归一化法测定各化学成分的相对百分含量,通过GC-MS对短莛飞蓬挥发油的化学成分进行了分析。结果表明:共鉴定出18种成分,占挥发油总量的98.991%;酮类含量最高(73.224%),其中6,7-二甲醇基-二氢-茚-2-酮含量最高(49.690%)。     

植物油对西瓜白粉病的防治效果

通过室内孢子萌发试验和田间喷药防治,研究了植物油乳油对西瓜白粉病的室内活性和田间的防治效果。结果表明:室内试验92%豆油乳油稀释至5.000mL/L和3.333mL/L均能有效抑制白粉病分生孢子萌发;田间防治效果表明,植物油稀释至2.000mL/L与对照药剂20%三唑酮乳油稀释至1.000mL/L在喷药第14天比较,前者效果较好,其防效超过70%。     

陕南油桐丰产经营技术

陕南是中国油桐第四大产区,栽培面积一直居全国前列。针对该区因经营管理技术而造成的桐子和桐油产量较低且难以提高问题,从选种造林、树体培养与管理、桐农间作、林地管理、施肥管理、病虫害防治和适时采收等方面,提出陕南油桐丰产经营综合技术。     

Effects of feeding roasted safflower seeds (variety IL-111) and fish oil on dry matter intake, performance and milk fatty acid profiles in dairy cattle

Safflower seed has the highest concentration of linoleic acid among 80 oilseeds but little information exists on the effective use of SS for lactation cows. It was hypothesised that a diet supplemented with an Iranian SS variety (IL-111) in combination with fish oil (FO) would result in higher concentrations of trans-18:1 (including vaccenic acid) and conjugated linoleic acids in milk fat than feeding an unsupplemented control diet. Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding diets containing: (i) Control: (C); (ii) 25 g of roasted SS IL-111 (RSS); (iii) 20 g FO and (iv) 25 g RSS + 10 g FO (RSS + FO) per kilogram of dietary DM on feed intake, ruminal fermentation, milk production and fatty acid profile. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design study. The experiment had four periods of 21 days. Milk Fat percentage was lower (p < 0.01) with FO supplementation and averaged 19.0 and 21.5 g/kg milk with FO and RSS + FO compared with 30.3 and 32.5 g/kg with C and RSS. Feed intake also was lower (p < 0.01) with FO vs. C (23.1 vs. 24.5 kg/day) but feeding RSS resulted in greater feed intake compared with other treatments (26 kg/day). Despite lower feed intake with FO, milk production did not change from controls but feeding RSS + FO resulted in greater milk yield than controls (42.6 vs. 39.3 kg/day). Ruminal pH was greater (p < 0.01) in cows fed FO than other treatments. Supplemental FO alone or in combination with RSS resulted in dramatic increases (p < 0.01) in c9,t11-18:2 in milk fat (12.7 and 13.2 g/day vs. 5.8 and 7.02 with C and RSS). It was surprising to note that 25 g/kg RSS can improve feed intake.     

3种含笑属植物叶片挥发油化学成分的比较研究

采用同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)分别提取多脉含笑、绢毛含笑和黄兰3种含笑植物叶的挥发油,运用毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用法结合计算机检索对其挥发油进行了化学成分分析。实验结果表明,多脉含笑共鉴定出20种化合物,占挥发性物质总含量的百分比为97.54%,主要成分为α-金合欢烯、β-橄榄烯、大根香叶烯B和朱栾倍半萜等;绢毛含笑共鉴定出36种化合物,占挥发性物质总含量的百分比为98.47%,主要成分为橙花叔醇、α-蒎烯、β-芳樟醇和二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛等;黄兰鉴定出19种化合物,占挥发性物质总含量的95.93%,主要成分为大根香叶烯B、β-芳樟醇、罗勒烯、石竹烯、桉叶醇、β-榄香烯和异丁酸苯乙酯等;3种植物叶片挥发油主要成分含量差异较大。在3种含笑属植物叶中均含有很多高生物活性的物质,在香料工业及医药方面都有重要用途。     

补饲高蛋白质、高脂肪精饲料对驴产乳量和乳成分的影响

本试验旨在研究补饲高蛋白质、高脂肪精饲料对驴产乳量和乳成分的影响。选择 ３～７岁的健康泌乳母驴 ３４头,设 Ａ（１２头）、Ｂ（１０头）和 Ｃ（１２头）３个区,共 ５个处理。所有驴饲喂基础饲粮。每个区均设对照组,各试验组驴分别补饲粗蛋白质水平为 ３１．４４％（试验 １组,Ａ区,４头）、粗脂肪水平为 ２５．７７％［２０％棉籽油（试验 ２组,Ａ区,４头）、２０％葵花籽油（试验 ３组,Ｂ区,５头）、２０％菜籽油（试验 ４组,Ｃ区,６头）］的试验精饲料 １．５ｋｇ／ｄ。预试期 １４ｄ,正试期１４ｄ。结果表明：１）除含 ２０％葵花籽油的试验精饲料外,其余试验精饲料采食量（＞１３００ｇ／ｄ）均达到预期的采食量,且未出现消化异常,表明所用精饲料适口性较好,驴对它们有较好的适应性;２）补饲含 ２０％棉籽油和含 ２０％菜籽油的试验精饲料均显著提高了驴日均产乳量（Ｐ＜０．０５）,驴日均产乳量可达 １．５ｋｇ／ｄ,而日均总泌乳量可达 ４ｋｇ／ｄ;３）补饲不同试验精饲料对乳成分无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）,驴乳中乳蛋白、乳糖、粗灰分含量较稳定,而乳脂含量变化非常大。总之,补饲高蛋白质、高脂肪的精饲料可提高驴产乳量,但对乳成分的影响不明显。     

Bacteria inhabiting artificially inoculated xylem of Picea abies

Bacteria inhabiting the xylem of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karsten) were investigated. The trees had been wounded and artificially inoculated with fungi and bacteria obtained from wounds of naturally infected spruce. One and five growing seasons after inoculation the Gram‐negative bacterial population present in the stem of inoculated trees were analysed.

The Gram‐negative bacteria isolated from the trees were identified on the basis of morphological, biochemical and physiological tests and whole‐cell fatty acid composition. The predominant strains were Enterobacteriaceae fermenter strains (E. agglomerans or E. sakazakii), fluorescent and yellow pigmented Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Moraxella spp. All Gram‐positive bacteria were Bacillus species.

The Gram‐negative bacteria of Norway spruce differed from the Gram‐positive species in possessing stronger lipolytic activity and in their ability to utilize pine resins for growth. Gram‐positive bacteria were generally able to utilise cellulose and hemicellulose, whereas among the Gram‐negative bacteria only one xylanolytic (yellow Pseudomonas) strain was found.     

Using pre-classification to improve the accuracy of species-specific forest attribute estimates from airborne laser scanner data and aerial images

The aim of this study was to examine whether pre-classification (stratification) of training data according to main tree species and stand development stage could improve the accuracy of species-specific forest attribute estimates compared to estimates without stratification using k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) imputations. The study included training data of 509 training plots and 80 validation plots from a conifer forest area in southeastern Norway. The results showed that stratification carried out by interpretation of aerial images did not improve the accuracy of the species-specific estimates due to stratification errors. The training data can of course be correctly stratified using field observations, but in the application phase the stratification entirely relies on auxiliary information with complete coverage over the entire area of interest which cannot be corrected. We therefore tried to improve the stratification using canopy height information from airborne laser scanning to discriminate between young and mature stands. The results showed that this approach slightly improved the accuracy of the k-NN predictions, especially for the main tree species (2.6% for spruce volume). Furthermore, if metrics from aerial images were used to discriminate between pine and spruce dominance in the mature plots, the accuracy of volume of pine was improved by 73.2% in pine-dominated stands while for spruce an adverse effect of 12.6% was observed.     

The influence of essential oil of aniseed (Pimpinella anisum, L.) on drug effects on the central nervous system

Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.; Apiaceae) and its essential oil have been widely used in folk medicine, pharmacy and food industry. Since there are some data about the impact of anise on functions of central nervous system (CNS), the issue of possible interactions with drugs acting in CNS should be considered. This survey aimed to examine the influence of aniseed essential oil (EO) intake on the effects of drugs that act in CNS.     

The effect of three anaesthetic protocols on the stress response in cane toads (Rhinella marina)

ObjectiveThree anaesthetics (MS222, clove oil and a mixture of ketamine/diazepam) were administered to cane toads to determine their effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Time to induction and recovery and any adverse events were also evaluated.Study designProspective randomized experimental trial.AnimalsThirty adult male cane toads (Rhinella marina) with body mass ranging between 130 and 250 g were captured from the field.MethodsThree groups of 10 toads were anaesthetized with ketamine (200 mg kg^?1) and diazepam (0.2 mg kg^?1) by intramuscular injection, MS222 (3 g L^?1) or clove-oil (0.3 mL L^?1) both by immersion. Blood samples were collected to determine plasma corticosterone concentrations. Induction and recovery time were recorded in each treatment. After full recovery animals were euthanized and a complete post-mortem examination was performed.ResultsSignificant differences were found in the activation of the HPA axis and in the times of induction and recovery between treatments (p < 0.001). Animals anaesthetized with clove-oil had the highest levels of corticosterone in plasma (42.5 ± 21.6 ng mL^?1). No differences were found between ketamine/diazepam (15.0 ± 13.3 ng mL^?1) and MS222 (22.0 ± 13.6 ng mL^?1) groups. The mean ± SD induction (minutes) and recovery (hours) times respectively were; ketamine/diazepam 66.5 ± 11 and 8 ± 3, clove oil 39 ± 12 and 7.6 ± 3, and MS222 42.5 ± 11 and 1.5 ± 0.5. Clove oil exposure had 30% mortality. Death followed a period of respiratory distress with changes consistent with non-cardiogenic oedema observed at post-mortem examination.Conclusions and Clinical relevanceBased on shorter induction and recovery times and minimal activation of HPA, MS222 is the anaesthetic of choice in cane toads. If it is not possible to use immersion methods of anaesthesia, ketamine/diazepam can be used but induction and recovery times are prolonged. Clove oil had unacceptable mortality in this study and should be used with extreme caution.