桐油控释复合肥在烤烟上的应用效果

以自然资源桐油为控释材料(从油桐果实中提取),生产控释肥料,进行烟草温室无土栽培盆栽试验,研究桐油控释复合肥在烤烟上的应用效果。结果表明:在温室环境条件下,桐油控释复合肥的养分初期溶出率为2.8%;施用控释复合肥的产量高出普通复合肥处理26.7 g/株;桐油控释复合肥与普通复合肥相比,每克肥料要多生产烤烟2.2 g。说明桐油控释复合肥具有很好的生产性。     

纳米氧化锌对绿豆芽生长的影响

深入研究不同类型的纳米颗粒对不同植物物种具有的独特效应,可提高有关纳米物质对植物安全与风险的认知水平。为了对纳米物质生物效应的深入评估提供科学依据,测定了室温（25℃）浸种培养后绿豆芽的叶绿素、过氧化物酶活性、根长、茎长、鲜重、干重、蛋白质等生理指标及其可食部分的锌含量。结果表明,nano-ZnO和Zn2＋在较高浓度（50~1000mg.L-1）时均可抑制植物的生长,呈现出一定的植物毒性;相同浓度时,nano-ZnO较Zn2＋更有利于绿豆芽的生长和其可食部分锌的富集。最有利于绿豆芽生长和锌富集的nano-ZnO浓度为50mg.L-1,而Zn2＋浓度则为20mg.L-1。在促进生长的浓度范围内（0~50mg.L-1）,绿豆芽可食部分锌含量均小于国家食品锌标准含量值（20mg.kg-1）。可见,nano-ZnO可尝试应用于绿豆芽的农业生产活动,但在此之前须进一步开展其存在的环境、生态与人体健康风险研究。     

EFFICACY OF GYPSUM AND MAGNESIUM SULFATE AS SOURCES OF SULFUR TO RAPESEED IN LATERITIC SOILS

A field experiment conducted on rapeseed (Brassica juncea L.) during 2005–2006 in a typical lateritic soil (Alfisol) of West Bengal, India revealed that sources of sulfur viz. gypsum and magnesium sulfate and levels of sulfur (0, 20, 40, 60 kg S ha^?1) have significant influence on grain yield, total biological yield, sulfur concentration in grain and stover, total sulfur uptake, oil content and oil yield and chlorophyll content. The maximum grain yield (18.28 q ha^?1) and oil yield (8.59 q ha^?1) was obtained with magnesium sulfate followed by gypsum yielded the grain yield of 17.99 q ha^?1 and oil yield of 8.22 q ha^?1 at 40 kg S ha^?1. Overall, the best performance was recorded when sulfur was applied at 40 kg S ha^?1 either as magnesium sulfate or gypsum. Results revealed that magnesium sulfate may be considered as the better source of sulfur than gypsum to raise the mustard crop in sulfur deficient acidic red and lateritic soils of West Bengal and if farmers apply either magnesium sulfate or gypsum to soils, the possible deficiency of sulfur and magnesium/calcium in soils and plants can be avoided.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve the growth and phosphorus uptake of mung bean plants fertilized with composted rock phosphate fed dung in alkaline soil environment

Abstract

Inoculation effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on phosphorus (P) transfer from composted dung of cattle with a diet supplemented with powdered rock phosphate (RP) and their successive uptake by mung bean plants was assessed in alkaline soil. The efficacy of composted RP fed dung alone or/and in combination with AMF inoculums containing six different species were compared with SSP in six replicates per treatment in pots. The results showed that the association of AMF with composted RP fed dung had a positive effect on mung bean shoot (3.04?g) and root (2.62?g) biomass, chlorophyll (a, b), carotenoid contents and N (58.38?mg plant^?1) and P (4.61?mg plant^?1) uptake. Similarly, the percent roots colonization (56%) and nodulation of mung bean plant roots and their post-harvest soil properties were also improved by the inoculation of AMF together with composted RP fed dung. It is concluded that the combined application of AMF with composted RP fed dung has almost the same effect as SSP for improving mung bean plants growth and their nutrients uptake. Moreover, AMF inoculants can be used as a suitable biofertilizer in combination with locally available organic sources of fertilizers for improving P status and growth of plants in alkaline soils.     

松子壳热解重质油的催化改性

以红松松子壳为原料,采用连续热解装置研究了热解反应温度和时间对生物油得率的影响规律,在反应温度为450℃、反应时间为6 min时,生物油得率可达到40.74%,热值可达到22.66 MJ/kg。采用气相色谱质谱联用仪对生物油成分进行了分析,其成分以酚类为主,质量分数约为33.5%;选用HZSM-5及NiO/HZSM-5分子筛催化剂对热解重质油部分分别进行催化改性试验,结果表明:经NiO/HZSM-5分子筛催化剂催化后其中高沸点有机物质量分数降低约13个百分点;其黏度由原来的约3 290 mPa·s大幅度地降低至450 mPa·s,热值则由原来的约26.16 MJ/kg增加到30.33 MJ/kg,增加了16%,同时提高了重质油的燃烧性和稳定性;负载物氧化镍(NiO)的添加提高了HZSM-5催化剂的抗积碳能力。该研究也为后续生物油改性提供了参考。     

燃油温度和喷射压力对葵花籽油与柴油喷雾特性的影响

为探究纯植物油作为压燃内燃机替代燃料的雾化问题,利用纹影法对葵花籽纯植物油和普通柴油在不同试验条件下的喷雾特性进行了对比研究,分析了燃油温度和喷射压力对2种燃料喷雾贯穿距、喷雾锥角和空气卷吸作用的影响。研究结果表明:葵花籽油的喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角均随着喷射压力和燃油温度的升高而增大,与柴油的变化规律相似。温度从60℃升高到90℃,喷油压力为60 MPa时喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角的平均增幅分别为12.4%和9.6%,120 MPa时分别为5%和4.14%;喷油压力从60 MPa升高到120 MPa,温度为60℃时喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角的平均增幅分别为39.7%和16.7%,90℃时分别为30.6%和10.9%;当喷射压力、背景压力和燃油温度相同时,葵花籽油比柴油具有更大的贯穿距和更小的喷雾锥角,且喷雾贯穿距平均增幅为22.5%,喷雾锥角平均降幅为60.3%;升高燃油温度和升高喷射压力都会增强雾注的空气卷吸作用,但葵花籽油的空气卷吸作用要明显弱于普通柴油。研究结果可为纯植物油作为内燃机替代燃料的可行性研究提供参考。     

Effect of Conditioning Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate (ZnSHH) with Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Neem Oil on Growth,Productivity, Zinc Biofortification of Grain and Zinc Uptake by Basmati Rice

Commercial grade zinc (Zn) sulfate hepta hydrate (ZnSHH) is the most widely used source of Zn in India and several other countries for amelioration of Zn deficiency in crops. However, it releases water of hydration at temperature above 30°C and forms lumps on storage, which make it difficult to handle it and apply in fields. Therefore, conditioning of ZnSHH with ZnO and neem oil reduces the release of water of hydration and prevents lumps formation and can be well stored. Field experiments were conducted at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India during rice growing seasons (July-November) of 2009 and 2010 to study the effect of conditioning ZnSHH with ZnO and neem oil on growth, productivity and Zn fortification of rice (Oryza sativa) grain and uptake by Basmati rice ‘Pusa 1121’. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 3 replications comprised of 9 treatments of Zn fertilization. The present study shows that when conditioned with 2% ZnO and 4% neem oil ZnSHH improved yield attributes, grain and straw yields, Zn uptake and partial factor productivity (PFP), agronomic efficiency (AE), recovery efficiency (RE), and physiological efficiency (PE) of Zn in Basmati rice ‘Pusa 1121’. In general, ZnO was inferior to ZnSHH. Application of ZnSHH conditioned with 2% ZnO and 4% neem oil can be a better source of Zn for transplanted puddled Basmati rice on Zn deficient soils.     

Effects of ambient gaseous pollutants on photosynthesis,growth, yield and grain quality of selected crops grown at different sites varying in pollution levels

In recent decades, ambient gaseous pollution has increased due to anthropogenic activities worldwide. The studies to evaluate the adverse effects of ambient pollutants on commonly grown food crops are still limited, especially in Asian countries like Pakistan. The present study was conducted to measure the ambient pollutants in different sites of Faisalabad and their impact on growth and yield of wheat, mung bean and peas. Plants were grown in pots and placed at three sites named as control (Wire house of Government College University, Faisalabad), low pollution (LP) (Farm Area of Ayub Agricultural Research Institute) and high pollution (HP) (GT Chowk, Faisalabad) sites. Results showed that ambient ozone (O₃) concentration was highest at HP site followed by LP site and was below AOT40 in control site. Ambient pollutants caused foliar injury in crops and decreased plant height, leaf area, biomass and grain yield. Pollutants caused a reduction in photosynthetic pigments, stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate and grain protein contents in all three crops. In conclusion, the ambient O₃ level was highest at HP site, this current O₃ level and other pollutants decreased the growth and yield of important food crops.     

不同脆化阶段草鱼肠道菌群动态变化、血清酶指标及生长性能

本研究旨在探讨草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)不同脆化阶段的肠道菌群组成结构、血清酶活性及生长性能,进而衡量脆肉鲩形成过程中的生理生化变化,以期为脆肉鲩的健康养殖提供科学数据.脆化不同阶段(30、60、90和120 d)的草鱼,在脆化结束后转投喂人工配合饲料30 d(第150天),鉴定整个过程中草鱼肠道菌群组成、血清酶活性和生长性能的变化.结果表明,60～150 d蚕豆组草鱼体重均低于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),90～120 d蚕豆组草鱼头肾体指数(head kidney somatic index,HKBI)和肝体指数(hepatosomatic index,HSI)均低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),150 d时蚕豆组草鱼肝体指数与对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05);蚕豆组草鱼血清碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶和补体C3(第30天除外)活性均低于对照组的,在转投喂饲料后,3种血清酶活性均出现回升趋势;与对照组相比,蚕豆组草鱼肠道菌群多样性降低,芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)和鲸杆菌属(Cetobacterium)等有益菌数量减少,维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)、温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria)和鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)等条件致病菌数量增多.两组草鱼肠道核心菌群主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria).本研究结果提示,随着脆化时间的增加,摄食蚕豆改变草鱼肠道菌群组成、抑制血清酶活性和生长性能,在转投饲料后其肠道菌群、血清酶活性及生长性能均有所改善.本研究结果对脆肉鲩的健康养殖具有重要的科学指导意义.     

红芸豆养分限制因子及养分吸收、积累和分配特征研究

研究红芸豆养分限制因子、植株干物质和氮、磷、钾养分积累及分配规律,可为红芸豆合理施肥及高产栽培提供理论依据。大田试验条件下,以‘英国红’红芸豆为试材,设置缺素试验,采集全施肥区植株样品,分析研究红芸豆不同生育时期各器官干物质量、养分含量及积累量。结果显示,氮磷钾配合全施显著提高红芸豆产量;缺氮、缺磷、缺钾处理与全施肥处理相比,产量分别降低14.2%、8.0%和11.3%,表明影响红芸豆产量的限制因子为氮钾磷。在整个生育期,红芸豆干物质累积速率先升高后降低;根、茎、荚皮和豆粒干物质累积量呈上升趋势,叶干物质在收获期有下降趋势,收获时不同部位干物质量为豆粒茎≈荚皮叶片根。随生育期推进,茎、叶和荚皮中氮含量呈递减趋势,豆粒中氮含量呈递增趋势,而各器官磷、钾含量呈递减趋势。盛花期到结荚期是养分累积最大期,其氮、磷、钾吸收量分别占整个生育期吸收总量的28.14%、49.22%和56.20%;不同器官吸收累积氮、磷、钾量不同,成熟期豆粒、叶、茎和根中均为累积氮最多、钾次之、磷最少,荚皮中累积钾最多、氮次之、磷最少。每生产100 kg红芸豆需供给N 4.37 kg、P2O5 2.38 kg、K2O 3.53 kg,比例为1∶0.54∶0.81。