Snow gliding and loading under two different forest stands: a case study in the north-western Italian Alps

The presence of a thick snowpack could interfere with forest stability, especially on steep slopes with potential damages for young and old stands. The study of snow gliding in forests is rather comple...     

Multi-attribute evaluation of landscape-level fuel management to reduce wildfire risk

This paper provides an example of the practical application of multi-attribute trade-off analysis (MATA) to wildfire management. The MATA approach supports more informed decision-making because it exposes important trade-offs among competing management objectives (requiring value-based choices), helps guide and structure necessary technical judgements, explicitly represents uncertainty (i.e., not just expected outcomes but risk profiles around outcomes) and addresses temporal trade-offs. MATA promotes critical thinking about what analysis is required for decision-making. A MATA approach can be applied for all types of forest and fire management decisions. In this paper, we provide a sample application of MATA to an evaluation of landscape-level fuel treatments for managing wildfire risk. The study area is located in southeastern British Columbia, Canada where historical fire suppression policies and expanding development in wildland urban interface areas have resulted in an increase in both the probability and the consequences of stand replacement fires. We specify management objectives and develop measurable attributes for fire management costs, timber supply, property damage, landscape-level biodiversity, local air quality and climate change. We then simulate the effects on these attributes of four alternative fuel management strategies that include combinations of mechanical treatments and prescribed burning over a 100-year period. The evaluation illustrates the key features of MATA while highlighting the benefits and challenges of implementing the approach.     

日东原油管道高黏油掺混输送工艺

日东原油管道通过使用静态掺混装置实现了高黏油的在线掺混输送,并积累了大量的生产数据和经验。介绍了日东原油管道的掺混工艺、输送油品的物性、掺混界面的移动对运行参数的影响及油品静置对启输的影响。以黏度异常事件为例,对比分析了事件前后管道流量、压力、黏度及水力坡降等重要参数和数据,最终确定高稠油掺入比和部分管段沉积的杂质颗粒黏团为两个关键影响因素。为确保管道的运行安全,避免再次发生黏度异常事件,建议结合生产实际情况,以取样数据为依据,严格控制掺混比例和黏度等运行参数,明确清管频次,进一步优化管道生产运行。研究成果可为管道安全输送掺混油提供技术支持。     

区域土壤侵蚀遥感与核素示踪联合评价技术

土壤侵蚀遥感调查具有宏观、快速、信息量大等优点,但是实际应用中有3大制约因素：1）廉价高分辨率影像的获取;2）科学准确的判读和解译方法;3）成熟的土壤侵蚀评价模型或系统的观测数据。我国普遍缺乏土壤侵蚀评价模型和长期观测数据,技术问题比较突出。土壤侵蚀遥感调查中,采用经验分级指标法得出土壤侵蚀现状或强度,影响了土壤侵蚀评价的精度、准确性和应用范围。利用土壤侵蚀核素示踪技术测算不同土地利用单元的土壤侵蚀量,能够突破了遥感土壤侵蚀调查依赖模型和观测数据的限制,实现土壤侵蚀评价的宏观与微观、点与面、估算与实测的结合,为区域土壤侵蚀快速评价提供一条高效途径。     

黄土高原坡沟系统侵蚀产沙过程的REE示踪研究

利用室内概化的坡沟系统模型,结合REE示踪技术,采用放水冲刷试验,对黄土高原坡沟系统侵蚀产沙过程进行了深入研究。结果表明,坡沟系统的坡面侵蚀速率大于沟坡的侵蚀速率,即坡面侵蚀较沟坡侵蚀剧烈;在本研究设计的流量范围内存在一个临界流量Q=12 L/min,当冲刷流量小于该值时,起始侵蚀率随流量的增大而增大,当冲刷流量大于该值时,起始侵蚀率随冲刷流量的增大而减小;相同流量下,随着冲刷历时的延长,其侵蚀率呈波动变化趋势,陆续达到最大,然后又逐渐减小,而且随着流量的增大,La元素示踪带和Eu元素示踪带侵蚀率达到最大的时间越来越短。     

历史街区街道界面景观要素及保护策略研究——以青岛鱼山历史文化街区为例

指出了历史文化街区是人类文明的“活化石”,是人类历史文化遗迹和日常生活的重要空间载体。历史文化街区的街道景观是街道展示景观的主要载体,通过对街道界面景观要素的提取、归纳与总结,得出街道界面景观要素由底界面、侧界面以及顶界面三大核心要素组成,并将其应用到鱼山历史文化街区街道景观内进行了分析研究,提出了一些保护策略。旨在进一步了解历史文化街区街道界面景观要素构成,为历史文化街区景观的保护提供更加清晰的思路。     

稀土元素示踪法探究坡面侵蚀进展与热点——基于CiteSpace计量分析

稀土元素示踪法从上世纪90年代开始逐渐被相关学者重视,并在坡面土壤侵蚀的研究中得到越来越广泛的应用。笔者采用CiteSpace软件和文献计量学方法,以Web of Science数据库核心合集和中国知网(CNKI)数据库核心期刊为数据源,分析了近30年国内外稀土元素示踪法在坡面侵蚀研究的发展历程。研究发现:①总体而言,国内稀土元素示踪法在坡面侵蚀中的应用在理论和实践层面已经从初步探索走向了成熟;②随着研究的深入,稀土元素示踪法的研究与相关学科交叉更加密切,并在微观探索和宏观调控方面取得一定进展;③未来发展趋势来看,宏观方面趋向和生态系统、气候变化等互相作用机理的研究,微观方向趋向对团聚体等微观颗粒的迁移研究;④在国际相关研究方面,对于稀土元素示踪法在坡面侵蚀的应用从多个方面和角度做了大量的研究,我国的相关研究相较于国外顶尖水平的研究仍存在一定差距。     

From borders to ecotones – Private-public co-management of urban woodland edges bordering private housing

This paper conceptualises and evaluates so-called co-management zones as an approach for user participation in urban forestry, specifically in the management of public woodland edges bordering residential areas. Co-management zones can metaphorically be viewed as ‘ecotone-like’ spaces, i.e. zones where overlapping interest – in this case residents’ and municipal authorities’ – can be used to create richness and meetings rather than boundaries. Building on the perspectives of ecotone thinking and governance arrangements, co-management zones in the Danish residential area of Sletten in Holstebro were evaluated. The presented case study combined interviews with residents and interviews with three key green space professionals who had led the planning, design, establishment and management of the woodland and the implementation of co-management. The resident participation in the co-management zone was also assessed and photo documented in a field survey, categorising individual households according to type and degree of physical signs of participation. Findings illustrate the potential of co-management zones to initiate collaboration between residents and public woodland managers in creating recreationally valuable and varied meetings between private gardens and urban woodlands. Challenges with establishing co-management zones were also highlighted, especially the need for clear guidelines and continuous communication between residents and the municipality. Perspectives and implications related to residents, managers and green space quality are discussed.     

跟踪式数字流量计

该文介绍了一种采用实时跟踪方案的流量测控方法。应用数字阀和单片机模糊控制手段,通过记录数字阀的控制信号计算出流量。这是一种成本低、且能满足精度要求的技术方案。     

胶州湾大沽河潮滩营养盐在沉积物-水界面的扩散通量对盐度变化的响应

2009年3、6、9和12月在胶州湾大沽河河口潮滩采集均长25cm的沉积物柱状样,利用室内培养法,培养柱状样72h。该时间段内的营养盐在水—沉积物界面的平均迁移速度视为营养盐的扩散通量。在培养中,上覆水的盐度,分别被调整到17、22和28。不同盐度水平下,氨氮和磷酸盐在沉积物—水界面的扩散通量具有明显的时空异质性;在所测试的盐度范围内,氨氮的扩散通量与盐度的相关性并不显著;而盐度对磷酸盐在沉积物—水界面的扩散具有显著的影响。在6月和9月,所有测试站位中均表现为盐度增加,磷酸盐的扩散速度下降。大沽河径流的衰减会抑制磷酸盐自沉积物向水体释放,从而导致初级生产磷的供应不足。因此,大沽河径流的降低是大沽河潮滩湿地生态功能退化的一个原因。