水稻TWH1基因启动子的克隆及表达分析

启动子是基因表达的重要调控元件。利用PCR方法克隆了控制水稻颖壳发育的候选基因TWH1的启动子,并将启动子片段与GUS报告基因融合构建了重组表达载体。通过农杆菌介导的方法将其导入水稻愈伤组织,转基因植株经GUS染色分析显示,各个发育时期的茎秆、叶片、叶鞘、雌雄蕊和孕穗期的颖壳中都有GUS活性表达,但在根和抽穗后的颖壳中未检测到GUS活性。该结果对进一步研究TWH1基因的功能奠定了基础。     

湖北省小麦区域试验回顾

回顾了2001—2015年的15年时间内,湖北省小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)区域试验的基本情况和工作进展,指出按照目前的区域试验思路和方法可能影响到结果科学性的部分问题,并有针对性地提出了按水地和旱地小麦设置试验组别、结合相应对照品种评价参试品种、小麦区域试验应与小麦生产机械化接轨、加强区域试验人员的业务技能培训等建议,旨在进一步规范和完善湖北省小麦区域试验。     

一年生黑麦草品种在贵州南部的引种试验

对国内14个一年生黑麦草品种在贵州南部独山地区进行引种试验比较。结果表明:各参试品种均能良好生长,安全越冬。一年可刈割4～5次,鲜草产量58429.2～84842.4kg/hm2,多数品种2、3、4月鲜草产量较高,2月份产量在20000kg/hm2以上的就有5个。综合性状表现较好的依次为:抗锈王,邦德,凯牧,沃土,特高,杰威和海湾等,可以在贵州大部分地区栽培利用。     

INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN AND SULFUR ON YIELD AND SEED QUALITY OF THREE CANOLA CULTIVARS

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilizers on yield and seed quality of three canola cultivars, a factorial based on randomized complete block experiment was conducted during 2005–2006 in Iran. Treatments included four nitrogen rates (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha^?1 source of urea), four sulfur rates (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg S ha^?1), and three cultivars (‘Pf’, ‘Option-500’, and ‘Hyola-401’). Results indicated cultivar had a significant effect on all studied traits. ‘Option-500’ and ‘Hyola-401’ cultivars had the highest seed yield, protein content, and N:S ratio in seed. The levels of 150 and 220 kg N ha^?1 resulted in the maximum protein content. Increasing N levels resulted in N content and decreased the oil content. The interaction effect between S and N levels showed the highest N content in seed was obtained with 300 kg S ha^?1 and 225 kg N ha^?1.     

H2O2对陈化马铃薯切片抗氰呼吸的诱导作用研究

研究了H₂O₂对陈化马铃薯切片抗氰呼吸的诱导作用.用切片和纯化线粒体进行测定的结果均表明外源H₂O₂(5.0 mmol/L)处理对陈化马铃薯切片的总呼吸只有微弱的影响,但却可以明显诱导切片的抗氰呼吸,并显著提高抗氰呼吸对总呼吸的贡献.应用交替氧化酶的单克隆抗体进行Western杂交的结果表明,H₂O₂处理可以增强陈化马铃薯切片中交替氧化酶的表达,表明H₂O₂对抗氰呼吸的诱导作用与其时交替氧化酶表达的诱导有关.抗氰呼吸可能参与了H₂O₂调控植物抗病防御反应的作用机制.     

鹰嘴豆的组织解剖结构研究

[目的]研究鹰嘴豆的组织结构。[方法]通过植物制片方法,对鹰嘴豆的根、茎、叶和种子等器官进行切片,制作成永久装片。[结果]鹰嘴豆根为四原型构造;茎中韧皮纤维和髓部发达;根、茎中以网纹导管居多,也有螺纹和孔纹导管;叶中栅栏细胞组织1-2层,海绵组织细胞3～5层;种皮表皮细胞1列,栅状,上端有1条光辉带,子叶细胞中有不定形的草酸钙结晶。[结论]首次报道了鹰嘴豆的组织解剖结构,可为鹰嘴豆的进一步研究提供科学资料,其组织结构特征可作为鹰嘴豆生药鉴定的重要依据。     

细胞质抗除草剂谷子遗传发育特点及应用研究

【目的】研究细胞质抗除草剂基因对谷子性状和发育的影响。【方法】利用细胞质抗除草剂谷子与敏感型谷子正反交和多代回交等方法，获得了同核异质杂交群体和近等基因系，比较其F1、F2、回交和复合杂交世代的群体差异和近等基因系的生长发育差异。【结果】具有抗除草剂细胞质的谷子苗期发育迟缓、抽穗晚，灌浆时间短；用其杂交获得的回交、复合杂交及F2的多数群体表现了生长弱势。但是具有细胞质除草剂抗性的谷子，在杂交F1代可产生较大的杂种优势；回交、复合交和F2代有较大的分离，并且个别组合表现了与敏感细胞质一样的丰产性。【结论】细胞质抗除草剂基因对谷子的生长和性状发育有影响，但利用杂交种可避免细胞质抗性产生的不利影响，获得丰产性；对抗性杂交群体和个体进行选择可达到预期效果。在对抗除草剂谷子选育时，应注重苗期发育快、根系发达、抽穗早、灌浆速度快的单株。把以上的研究结果应用于实践，获得了多个细胞质抗除草剂谷子的丰产杂交组合和品系。     

Experimental Results on the Effects of Nonregular Spatial Patterns of Plants on Yield per Area

Based on several simplifying assumptions, a stochastic approach was developed which allows an estimation of the effects of nonregular spatial patterns of the distribution of individual plants on yield per area (F). In this approach, two random variables were attached to each plant: single plant yield (E) and individual space per plant (A). The latter was estimated by the area of Thiessen polygons. Yield per area was calculated theoretically by the expectation of the ratio E / A. Appropriate approximations of this expectation depend on the means (ē and ā), coefficients of variation (vE and vA) of E and A and their correlation (rEA). Yield per area can be decomposed into two additive terms: the first term gives the commonly used estimate ē/ā— or h(ā)/ā if a functional relationship between E and A is assumed: E = h(A). In this study, the two relationships E = k1 + k2 · ln A and E = A/(k3 + k4A) were used (with appropriately chosen constants k1, k2, k3, and k4). The second term in the decomposition of F can be interpreted as the effect of variable individual plant spaces on yield per area. In this paper, all theoretical concepts and results were applied to 17 experimental data sets of three cultivars of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Single plant yields (E) and individual plant areas (A) were positively correlated with correlation coefficients from 0.64 up to 0.91. The ranges for both coefficients of variation were similar: 0.27 ≤ vE ≤ 0.65 and 0.28 ≤ vA ≤ 0.59. One obtains no significant differences in the goodness-of-fit for both tested relationships between E and A although the logarithmic relationship seems to be slightly superior. For only three data sets one obtains negative values for the percentage of the second term in the decomposition of F. This indicates an overestimation of yield per area by the commonly used estimates h(ā)/ā and ē/ā, respectively. These overestimations, however, are less than 5 %. In all other cases with positive values for the second term the yield per area is underestimated by the common estimates. For almost all data sets, however, the percentages of F which are explained by the common estimates are much larger than 90 %.     

黄花蒿精油对绿豆象成虫体内酶活力的影响

本试验测定了黄花蒿精油对绿豆象成虫体内几种酶活力的影响。试验结果表明:黄花蒿精油对绿豆象成虫体内多种酶均有影响。黄花蒿精油对绿豆象成虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶活力表现出明显的抑制作用,对谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶表现出明显的诱导作用,对绿豆象成虫体内羧酸酯酶、酸性磷酸酯酶、碱性磷酸酯酶表现出一定的抑制作用。黄花蒿精油进入成虫体内后,同时作用于多靶标,提高了黄花蒿精油对绿豆象成虫的毒杀效果,也将有效延缓害虫产生抗药性。     

尿素增强烯草酮胁迫下紫苏幼苗耐性的研究

为探讨烯草酮与尿素处理对紫苏生长的影响,阐明尿素对紫苏在烯草酮胁迫下耐性的调节效应。采用随机区组试验设计,在紫苏六叶期喷施不同浓度的尿素（0、1、2、4和 8 g/L）和24%烯草酮乳油（0、0.67、1.33、2.66和 3.99 mL/L）,分析其对紫苏生长、光合特性、抗逆性指标、杂草防效和产量的影响。结果表明,烯草酮抑制紫苏幼苗生长,降低光合特性,使丙二醛积累增加,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性随其浓度的增加呈先上升后下降趋势;而1～4 g/L浓度的尿素处理则促进生长,并提高了光合特性;8 g/L的尿素处理效果相反。1～4 g/L的尿素和不同浓度的烯草酮先后处理,比单施烯草酮处理的效果好,A组（先喷施尿素后喷施烯草酮）的C1N3（4 g/L尿素,0.67 ml/L烯草酮）处理可使现蕾期产量和子粒产量比单独施用烯草酮增产13.94 %和10.54 %,株防效提高11%。表明在紫苏六叶期先喷施4 g/L的尿素再喷施0.67 mL/L 的烯草酮,能显著提高紫苏幼苗在烯草酮胁迫下的耐性,提高幼苗净光合速率,促进植株生长,这些效应与其提高抗氧化酶活性有关;该施药模式具有提高防效,安全高产等特点,有较高的推广价值。