纤维饱和点概念的演变、测试方法及其应用

纤维饱和点(FSP)是木材科学中早期提出的概念,距今已超过1个世纪,在木材-水分关系、物理力学性能等木材科学研究各领域均发挥了重要作用。相较于FSP概念的最初形式,其无论从定义形式还是从物理含义等方面都有了变化,从最初以木材内水分状态及其存在位置的定性描述朝着水分与木材结合形式差异、木材内水分势能边界方向发展。目前国内关于FSP的研究相对滞后,也未见系统的FSP测试原理和方法介绍。本研究对FSP概念演变与发展、测试方法及其优缺点进行系统分析,并在此基础上总结FSP在木材-水分关系、木材干燥技术、改性效果评价中的应用及其进一步发展方向。根据木材-水分关系研究的不同阶段,FSP概念可归纳为4种类型:第1类概念强调以物理力学性质转折点及水分存在位置定义FSP;第2类概念以木材细胞壁容纳水分极限作为FSP,简化了限制条件;第3类概念强调水分与木材结合形式差异,从吸、放热的热物理角度等进行阐述;第4类概念引入溶液热力学概念,将FSP视为木材内不同状态水分的相态边界,给出了FSP明确的物理含义。FSP测试方法可归纳为7类,包括外推法、溶剂排出法、压力板法、示差量热法、离心脱水法、核磁共振法和溶液热力学计算法,除外推法、溶液热力学计算法获得的FSP为计算值外,其他方法都可获得细胞壁内吸着水真实含量,测定的FSP明显高于传统引用的FSP平均值30%,但具体应用时应根据实际需求而定。FSP可进一步在木材干缩湿胀特性分析、木材干燥基准制定等方面发挥作用,同时在木材改性效果评价及改性处理后微观构造分析等领域均可应用。在FSP热力学概念基础上衍生的全含水率区间木材-水分关系的化学势表达方式,以及在此基础上发展而来的木材-水分相态图,将成为今后建立木材-水分关系的科学评价体系机制,并进一步服务于科研与生产。     

贮藏温度对炝蟹品质的影响

为阐明不同贮藏温度下炝蟹品质的变化和食用安全性,本试验以三疣梭子蟹为材料制作炝蟹,探讨冻藏(-18℃)和冷藏(4℃)条件下炝蟹感官品质、菌落总数(TVC)、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和生物胺的变化规律,并对其生物胺与其他品质指标进行相关性分析。结果表明,贮藏温度对炝蟹感官品质TVC、TVB-N等指标的劣变具有显著的影响。-18℃冻藏和4℃冷藏条件下,炝蟹感官品质分别于第10天和第6个月超出可接受限值;随着贮藏时间的延长,4℃冷藏条件下炝蟹TVC值显著增加,但至贮藏16 d时仍小于5 lg(CFU·g^-1),TVB-N值于贮藏12 d时超出一级鲜度临界值;-18℃冻藏过程中炝蟹TVC值略有增加,但变化不显著,TVB-N值于第6个月超出一级鲜度临界值。4℃冷藏过程中炝蟹中共检测出8种生物胺,而-18℃冻藏过程中共检测出5种生物胺。此外,色胺、腐胺和酪胺是炝蟹贮藏过程中产生的主要生物胺,且与其他品质均具有显著相关性。本研究结果为炝蟹在贮藏过程中的安全性和货架期预测提供了理论依据。     

The base saturation in acidified Swiss forest soils on calcareous and noncalcareous parent material. A pH–base saturation anomaly

Long‐term soil acidification leads to lower pH values and to a concomitant decrease in base saturation (BS). The relationship between pH and base saturation (BS) in acidified forest soils can be disturbed by processes such as nutrient cycling by vegetation, temporary saturation by ground water that comes into contact with calcareous material, or by upward diffusion of base cations from deeper horizons. This paper examines the relationship between pH and BS in Swiss forest soils developed from calcareous and noncalcareous parent material and identifies some of the factors that can affect the BS in the decalcified parts of soils derived from calcareous parent material. The decalcified zone in the latter soils has a higher BS on average compared to soils from noncalcareous parent material, but their pH values are identical. In the pH range 4.0–4.5, the difference in BS may vary by a factor of three. The mean BS in the decalcified zone tends to decrease with increasing depth of the calcareous layer. The water regime also affects the BS in soils on calcareous parent material. In soils temporarily saturated by groundwater (gleysols), the BS in the decalcified zone is always high (85%–100%) because of the continuous contact between the soil water and the calcareous parent material. In addition, the inhibited drainage impedes the depletion of base cations in these soils. In contrast, soils that are temporarily saturated by rainwater are depleted in base cations due to the alternating wetting‐and‐drying regime and the associated leaching of dissolved ions. In such soils, the depletion of base cations is strongly related to the extent of hydromorphy. Stagnogleyic soils, with the longest period of water saturation, have the highest depletion levels. We conclude that in such soils, the diffusion of base cations from deeper zones is strongly compensated by leaching from the very acidic soil horizons. The pH–base saturation anomaly has consequences for some of the methods used to calculate the critical loads of acidity for forest soils in Switzerland, with many soils being less sensitive than previously reported.     

不同基肥对黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落多样性的影响

分别以RAPD分子生物学方法和BIOLOG生理学方法,研究了不同基肥对黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落DNA序列多样性和群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明,在本试验条件下,基肥为75000 kg/hm2有机肥处理和75000 kg/hm2有机肥加300 kg/hm2复合肥处理最好;基肥为600 kg/hm2复合肥处理而使土壤微生物群落DNA序列丰富度指数和多样性指数显著下降,与对照的DNA序列相似系数最低;有机肥处理有利于土壤微生物群落DNA序列多样性、均匀度和黄瓜产量的提高。此外,不同基肥处理改变了土壤微生物对单一碳源的利用能力。     

对内蒙古积极发展绿色农畜产品生产加工输出基地的思考

农畜产业作为内蒙古地区的优势产业，对区内经济发展起着关键的作用。为此，本文分析内 蒙古积极发展农畜产品生产加工基地的优势，结合发展的现状，提出积极发展农畜产品生产加工输出 基地的对策，为产业稳定发展提供理论参考和借鉴。     

千岛湖森林康养基地发展路径探析 ——基于千岛湖龙川湾的调查研究

国家相关管理部门联合提出按照“环境优良、服务优质、管理完善、特色鲜明、效益明显”的要求建设一批国家森林康养基地。以浙江千岛湖龙川湾为例,分析其森林资源、地理区位、产业链、发展规模、社会合作、管理保障、三大效益等方面建设森林康养基地的优势,整合提升游憩观赏、研学文化、垂钓休闲、扶犁耕地、康养保健、疗养康复、健身拓展区域空间布局与发展举措,从康养体验、休闲体验、运动健身等方面增强千岛湖龙川湾森林康养基地功能,推进森林康养产业发展。     

饱和度及干密度对弱膨胀土土水特征曲线影响

采用滤纸法测量不同干密度下试样的总吸力与基质吸力,并绘制相应的土水特征曲线,分析饱和度与干密度对土水特征曲线的影响.实验结果表明:在饱和度一定时,总吸力与基质吸力均随干密度的增大而增大;随饱和度增大,不同干密度的总吸力差值和基质吸力差值逐渐减小;另外,试样的排水速率随饱和度的增大而减小,且干密度越大,排水速率越慢.在较低含水率时,试样的总吸力和基质吸力随干密度的增大而增大,随含水率的增大,干密度对总吸力和基质吸力的影响逐渐弱化.     

牧草病害诊断系统的知识表示——《中国草业开发与生态建设》专家系统病害诊断

针对牧草病害诊断的特点,结合框架知识表示的分层特点和规则表示法的过程性和不确定性,提出二者相结合的表示方法.该知识表示包括基础库和动态库,前者用来存放已经确定的数据,后者用来存放诊断的中间结果.基础库中又包括基础数据库、基础知识库和媒体库,数据库是一个关系数据库,根据牧草病害诊断的特点,采用分层建库的方式.知识库采用规则方式,按照病害名称建立.媒体库主要是辅助诊断而使用的图片、视频数据.动态库包括动态数据库和动态知识库,动态库的结构与基础库中的基础数据库、基础知识库一样.     

水产专业教学生产实习基地建设模式的探索与实践

结合水产专业近几年的教学生产实习情况,对西南大学荣昌校区水产系实习基地建设的意义、模式和效果进行了总结,并对加强教学生产实习基地建设提出了5项措施：建立相应的组织管理机构,完善制度建设;加大投入力度;加强指导教师队伍建设,充分发挥其教学主导作用;做好学生实习的考核工作;开展教学研究,提高教学水平,保证教学质量。     

Assessment of genetic diversity in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)

AFLP technique was applied to assess genetic diversity among 44 common bean accessions that included 6 exotic accessions, 15 Indian land races and 23 released varieties. Eight AFLP primer pairs were used that produced 820 products of which 698 were polymorphic (85.12%). Wide variations were observed among all the accessions for the number of amplification products, percent polymorphism and average polymorphism information content (PIC). The Jaccard's similarity indices (J) based on the AFLP profiles were subjected to UPGMA cluster analysis. The dendrogram generated revealed seven major groups. Seventeen out of 23 released varieties were restricted to clusters VI and VII. The value of r = 0.934 in Mantel's test for cophenetic corrlelation applied to the cluster analysis indicated the high fitness of the accessions to a group. The germplasm used in the present study had narrow genetic base, although moderate to high genetic diversity was observed. The details of diversity analysis and the potential use of Indian common bean accessions in common bean breeding programme are provided in the present study.