以肉牛基地为载体,大力推广畜牧养殖技术

西吉县在肉牛基地建设区,大力推广畜牧科技,促进了养牛产业的提升和发展。本文对重点推广的技术有细管冻精直把式输精技术、玉米秸秆青贮技术、尿素氨化秸秆技术、紫花苜蓿种植技术和肉牛短期育肥技术等的具体做法进行了论述。     

农业院校研究生培养创新基地建设体系研究

研究生教育肩负着为国家培养高素质、创新型人才的重任,农业院校的研究生培养也不例外。但在研究生培养的过程中,出现了培养方式单一、研究生创新能力不强,人才素质不高等问题。阐述了农业院校研究生培养创新基地建设的意义,探讨了建立培养创新基地体系对于研究生培养的意义。     

4种红树净光合速率对光和CO_2浓度的响应特征

以秋茄、桐花树、白骨壤和木榄等4种红树为研究对象,测定了这4种红树在自然生境中的光合作用对光和CO2的响应曲线,阐述了其光合作用对光和CO2浓度的响应特征。结果表明,不同红树光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)不同,4种红树LCP为白骨壤(81.95μmol.m-2·s-1)桐花树(61.84μmol.m-2·s-1)秋茄(47.09μmol.m-2·s-1)木榄(39.79μmol.m-2·s-1),LSP为桐花树秋茄白骨壤木榄;不同红树间表观量子效率存在差异,秋茄的表观量子效率最高为0.031,木榄最低为0.012,桐花树(0.027)高于白骨壤(0.017);4种红树植物光合作用的CO2补偿点介于103～152μmolCO2·mol-1,说明4种红树均为C3植物;CO2补偿点从大到小的顺序为木榄白骨壤桐花树秋茄;4种红树羧化效率(CE),最大的为桐花树,其次为秋茄,再次为白骨壤,木榄最低。     

Effects of Drought and Shading on Non-structural Carbohydrate Stored in the Stem of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Abstract

Most studies on non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) are concentrated on the leaf and tuber, and little is known about NSC in the stem and its function. To test the hypothesis that NSC stored in stem contributes to stable tuber bulking under stress conditions, we grew plants in pots in a greenhouse under drought and shading conditions for 17 d during tuber bulking. Compared with the control, drought and shading significantly reduced leaf and stem dry weights (DW) and total NSC concentration in the main stem base. However, tuber DW increased by 77% in drought and by 46% in shading conditions relative to the control. The contributions of NSC loss in the stem to tuber DW increase in drought and shading conditions were 37% and 54%, respectively. This study suggests that NSC stored in the stem base is supplied to tuber under stress conditions to support tuber bulking.     

Experimental studies on the impact of an increased dose of anionic salts on the metabolism of dairy cows

Summary

This study was initiated to investigate the influence of a daily dose of anionic salts (AS) above the valid upper limit at present on metabolism of dairy cows. Eleven non‐pregnant and non‐lactating Holstein‐Friesian crossbred cows with a permanent rumen cannula were used in a study with a controlled feeding design. The initial daily dose was 2500 meq/day, which resulted in a Dietary Cation Anion Difference (DCAD) of ‐211 meq/kg dry matter. Every seven days, the daily dose was raised by 500 meq. If a cow stopped eating, the application of AS was stopped and these cows were monitored over the next seven days. On day 30 another batch of hay, having the same DCAD but higher concentrations of minerals and energy, was fed. Blood and urine samples were taken to monitor acid‐base balance and calcium concentrations. Acid‐base balance was strongly influenced by AS. Blood pH dropped steadily and reached values around 7.23. Urine pH dropped quickly below 6 and remained at that level regardless of the increased dosage of AS. Net acid base excretion (NABE) fell continuously with the increase of the dosage of AS and reached values below ‐200 mmol/l. Calcium concentrations in the serum were nearly stable, but those in urine increased sharply and remained on an elevated level with increasing doses of AS. A few days before the individual cow's refusal of feed intake, calcium excretion in urine decreased. The majority of cows stopped eating while consuming a diet containing 3500 to 4000 meq AS except two animals who consumed up to 6000 meq/day AS but they received the better hay in the second half of the treatment period. In this time pH in blood increased slowly. NABE remained stable on a low level at ‐100 mmol/l. The results showed that with an increasing amount of AS fed the risk of clinical acidosis increased. The decreasing urine concentrations of calcium indicate a breakdown of the compensation capability of the single cow. Besides the dose of AS fed, the quality of the feed stuff might be another factor concerning the tolerance of cows against AS.     

鸭梨无公害生产环境及栽培量化指标与调控技术研究

通过多年来的系统研究,明确了鸭梨无公害生产的环境质量指标,制定了鸭梨无公害栽培果实品质性状、树体结构、产量水平及效益指标,以及果实重金属和农药残留限量指标,集成配套了相适应的栽培调控技术,包括水分调控、配方施肥、平衡修剪、疏花疏果、人工授粉、梨果套袋、病虫防治及适期采收等8项关键技术,为鸭梨实现无公害高品质栽培,提高国内外市场竞争力,增加经济效益和出口创汇提供了科学依据。     

基于知识库的流域污染事故应急决策支持系统的设计

将环境污染事故的特点与知识库的原理相结合,研究了应急决策支持系统中知识库的构建关键问题,给出了规则和推理机制及知识库的实现原型,为实现决策方法的智能选择提供了有效的解决方案。基于GIS和知识库系统的研究,进行了流域污染事故应急决策支持系统的功能需求分析,并设计建立了该系统,为流域环境的应急管理提供了技术更持。     

辣椒秸秆生物炭对酸化土壤交换性能及酶活性的影响

将辣椒秸秆通过高温热解的方法制备成辣椒秸秆生物炭,与酸化土壤共培养,探讨辣椒秸秆生物炭对酸化土壤交换性能及土壤酶活性等的影响。结果表明,添加辣椒秸秆生物炭能显著提高酸化土壤pH,提高幅度与辣椒秸秆生物炭的添加量呈正比;土壤交换性Al~(3+)含量与辣椒秸秆生物炭添加量呈显著负相关;添加辣椒秸秆生物炭能显著影响土壤NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N。土壤交换性Na~+和交换性K~+与辣椒秸秆生物炭添加量呈显著正相关;交换性K~+的变化与辣椒秸秆生物炭中K元素呈极显著正相关;交换性Ca~(2+)、交换性Mg~(2+)与辣椒秸秆生物炭添加量之间相关性不显著;总盐基离子、土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)与辣椒秸秆生物炭添加量之间呈显著正相关。土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶与辣椒秸秆生物炭添加量呈正相关;土壤酸性磷酸酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶与辣椒秸秆生物炭添加量之间相关性不显著;土壤酶的几何平均数(GMea)表明添加辣椒秸秆生物炭可以显著改善酸化土壤质量。试验为开拓辣椒秸秆利用途径、改善酸化土壤及提高土壤肥力等方面提供提供科学依据。     

硅钙钾镁肥对南方稻田土壤酸度的改良作用

为明确硅钙钾镁肥阻控土壤酸化的效果和作用,采用连续4a的硅钙钾镁肥田间定位试验,以农民习惯施肥处理为对照(CK),分析在农民习惯施肥基础上增施750、1125、1500和1875kg·hm~(-2)硅钙钾镁肥对稻田土壤剖面pH、电导率(EC)、交换性酸、交换性盐基离子、酸碱缓冲容量和碱产生量的影响。结果表明:农民习惯施肥降低了0～30 cm土壤pH,导致土壤酸化,酸化率为2.88kmol·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);与之相反,硅钙钾镁肥能显著提高土壤pH,较CK处理在0～15 cm和15～30 cm分别提高了1.22～1.58和0.35～0.64个pH单位,并产生大量碱,在0～30 cm达到了9.93～13.82 kmol·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),其中0～15 cm占80%。与CK处理相比,硅钙钾镁肥能显著增加0～30 cm土壤EC、交换性Ca~(2+)、交换性Mg~(2+)、盐基饱和度及0～15 cm交换性K+,减少0～30 cm交换性酸,特别是交换性Al3+。土壤交换性酸消耗量中硅钙钾镁肥释放的交换性盐基和相应碱贡献了104.3%,是交换性酸减少的主要途径。总之,多次大量施用硅钙钾镁肥在显著提高0～30 cm交换性Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和0～15 cm交换性K+含量的同时,有效改良了表层(0～15 cm)和亚表层(15～30 cm)稻田土壤酸性,用量越大,效果越明显,释放的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)盐基离子和碱是土壤酸化阻控的主要作用机制。