Assessment of sugar maple tree growth in relation to the partitioning of elements in xylem along a soil acidity gradient

Partitioning of elements in tree xylem is being increasingly studied, as it suggests that elements are potentially mobile within the xylem long after their uptake. A recent study revealed that only the most mobile xylem fraction (water-soluble) of base cations (calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], and potassium [K]) increased at higher soil acidity, while the two mobile fractions (water- and acid-soluble) of acidic metals—potentially phytotoxic aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd) and manganese (Mn)—were significantly enhanced on very acid soils. The current paper presents an investigation of soil-wood chemistry relationships with basal area tree growth. It was hypothesized that the growth of sugar maple would be reduced by low base cation and high acidic metal concentrations in the xylem mobile fractions. Sugar maple trees (n = 55) from six watersheds in southern Quebec, Canada were analysed by sequential chemical extractions for the water-soluble, acid-soluble and residual fractions of base cations (Ca, K, Mg) and acidic metals (Al, Cd, Mn) in xylem. Generally, tree growth was positively correlated to concentrations of base cations in wood (ρ = 0.27-0.50) and soil (ρ = 0.41-0.67), and negatively correlated to concentrations of acidic metals in wood (ρ = −0.33 to −0.52) and soil (ρ = −0.67). However, these relations differed depending on the element fraction considered. Water- and acid-soluble xylem concentrations of base cations and Al were among the best predictors of growth trends (R² = 0.46-0.51). The relationship between acidic metals and tree growth is further discussed.     

建设绿色食品原料基地 助推宁都脐橙产业发展

宁都地处江西南部,气候温和,雨量充沛,是赣南脐橙的主产区,2008年经农业部绿色食品办公室、中国绿色食品发展中心批准为全国绿色食品原料(脐橙)标准化生产基地,通过3 a的创建与建设,全县脐橙基地按照绿色食品原料(脐橙)标准化进行生产,产量和效益大幅度增长,推动了宁都脐橙产业的发展,实现了农民增收、农业增效和农村经济发展。     

高寒山区横坡绿肥聚垄免耕的效果与技术关键

高寒山区横坡绿肥聚垄免耕的效果与技术关键李明祥（贵州省六盘水市水土保持办公室，５５３００１）粮食的短缺和寻求摆脱粮食生产困境的路子是困扰高寒贫困山区生态建设和经济发展的一个历史性问题，是当前和今后一段时期山区治理开发中所面临的一项重要任务。出路何在？...     

Rescue of the Seychelles warbler on Cousin Island, Seychelles: the role of habitat restoration

Management policies to save threatened species are not always successful, often due to the lack of a scientific basis and evaluation of the species response. We describe the ecological studies and the conservation actions taken between 1985 and 1992 on Cousin Island (29 ha, Seychelles) to safeguard the future of the highly threatened Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis), which until 1988 only occurred on this island. A detailed field study was designed to (1) identify the key processes influencing warbler demography, (2) identify appropriate management techniques to increase the warbler population, and (3), assess the influence of the resulting habitat management. Since 1980 the island has been saturated with c. 115 territories and c. 320 birds. The warbler is purely insectivorous. Morinda (Morinda citrifolia), the most insect rich tree, is preferred for foraging. The higher the insect abundance (and Morinda cover) in territories the higher the reproductive success and survival of warblers. Insect numbers were highest in the central part of Cousin and decreased towards the coast. Coastal territories protected by a salt tolerant hedge of Scaevola (Scaevola taccada) had more insects and higher reproductive success than unprotected territories. Between 1990 and 1992 Morinda trees were planted on the island and Scaevola along the coast. Although these habitat restoration measures have not resulted in higher numbers of adult warblers and territories due to habitat saturation, they have been successful in terms of improving the quality of existing breeding territories and with that the reproductive success of breeding birds (including the number of territories producing recruits), and the exchange of individuals (genetic material) between territories. We provide evidence that the high reproductive potential of this species is likely to improve the resilience of the species to catastrophic events.     

农业机械维修制度辅助决策专家系统

采用了定量分析与定性分析相结合的方法，建立了农业机械维修制度辅助决策专家系统。该系统借鉴了专家系统的构想，将专家系统技术、数据库技术与农业机械维修管理融为一体，实现了适用维修制度的优化决策。并以拖拉机为具体实例，完成了整个系统的设计与实现。     

考虑桩土共同工作的桩基承台梁内力分析

针对梁下土体和基桩刚度对承台梁内力的影响进行研究，采用分层荷载传递法进行基桩刚度计算，建立起考虑桩土共同工作的承台梁内力计算理论，就理论与实际的差异，提出用水平割线法对基底反力进行调整，并以纽玛克数值计算法为计算基础开发出相应的计算软件。     

城市近郊蔬菜基地环境影响评价

阐述了在我国开展蔬菜基地建设项目环境影响评价工作的必要性;选择蔬菜基地的选址规划、指标体系建立、环境污染预测、生态影响分析以及效益分析等几个环境影响评价重点专题,就城市近郊蔬菜基地的环境影响评价工作开展进行了探讨。     

Effects of nitrogen rate and ratio of base fertilizer and topdressing on uptake, translocation of nitrogen and yield in wheat

Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most important measures to increase grain yield and protein content in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. However, misuse of N Tertilizer will not only affect gram yield and quality, but also cause the decline of economic benefits and related negative environmental effects. It is essential to study reasonable N application regimes for profitable yields, efficient N utilization and reduction in possible environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to determine the N uptake and translocation in wheat plants by using ¹⁵N isotope tracers in PVC cylinders (2.05 m long, ϕ 0.2 m, without bottom) in seven treatments: without N fertilizer application (N0); N application rate of 168 kg/hm² (0.527 g/pot), with ratios of base fertilizer to topdressing of 1:1 (N1), 1:2 (N2) and 0:1 (N3); N application rate of 240 kg/hm² (0.753 g/pot), with ratios of base fertilizer to topdressing of 1:1 (N4), 1:2 (N5) and 0:1 (N6). The ¹⁵N tracer experiment showed that the main basal N absorbed by plant from sowing to jointing stage accounted for 78.04%–89.67%; fertilizer N use efficiency (FNUE, N fertilizer accumulation in plant/N supplied) of topdressing was significantly higher than that of basal N; reducing basal N amount and increasing topdressing N amount could appropriately promote the plant’s absorption of more N fertilizer and enhance FNUE, of which treatment N2 had the highest values. Under the high-yield condition, when N fertilizer rate was increased from 168 to 240 kg/hm², there were no significant differences in the amount of N accumulation in plants and in grains between treatments with the same ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing; by reducing basal N amount and increasing topdressing N amount accordingly, the translocation efficiency (TE, accumulation amount from vegetative organs to gram/N accumulation in vegetative organs during anthesis) increased, and the amount of N assimilation to grains after anthesis and its contribution proportion (the amount of N assimilation to grains after anthesis/N accumulation in grain) also increased. In other words, grain N accumulation amount increased with increasing amount of topdressing N at the same N fertilizer rate. There were no significant differences among treatments N2, N3, N5 and N6 in grain N accumulation. Appropriate N fertilizer rate with a reduction in basal N amount and an increase in topdressing N amount such as in N2, N5 and N6 increased grain yield and protein content. In conclusion, under conditions used in this experiment, as far as grain yield, protein content and FNUE are concerned, the recommended appropriate N fertilizer application regime is treatment N2, with a N fertilizer rate of 168 kg/hm² and a ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing of 1:2. Translated from Journal of Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2006, 32(12): 1860–1866 [译自: 作物学报]     

相变过程中木材自由水的介电弛豫

本文通过木材自由水在相变过程中的介电弛豫现象,就木材中水分的存在机构、冻结自由水的介电弛豫同吸附水的相似性、以及木材吸附水的介电弛豫机构和冰的类似性作了一些讨论。并且提出了一种利用木材中水分的介电特性量随温度的变化关系来确定木材纤维饱和点的方法。     

化学调控对稻米品质的影响研究现状及展望

就稻米品质形成的生理生化基础及化学调控在水稻生产中的应用现状进行了综述,重点剖析了化学调控剂对碳氮代谢及其相关酶活性、光合作用、干物质运转、籽粒灌浆的调节作用,在分析了目前稻米品质化学调控研究中存在的问题同时,提出了应用系统的观点,从光合生产、籽粒灌浆及相关酶系统特性、物质运转等水稻生产的“源库流”三方面入手,开展化学调控剂对米质作用机理研究,将有可能从根本上揭示米质品质形成规律。同时指出在研究实践中,抓住品质主要制约因素,利用激素间的协同与拮抗作用,开展化学调控剂的复配,将有望改善稻米品质的多个性状指标。