ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATION‐INDUCED DISPLACEMENT OF CANINE ABDOMINAL ORGANS IN DORSAL AND VENTRAL RECUMBENCY USING MULTISLICE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

Respiratory‐induced organ displacement during image acquisition can produce motion artifacts and variation in spatial localization of an organ in diagnostic computed tomography (CT) examinations. The purpose of this prospective study was to quantify respiratory‐induced abdominal organ displacement in dorsal and ventral recumbency using five normal dogs. All dogs underwent CT examinations using 64 multidetector row CT (64‐MDCT). A “3‐dimensional (3D) apneic CT exam” of the abdomen was acquired followed by a “4‐dimensional (4D) ventilated CT exam.” The liver, pancreas, both kidneys, both medial iliac lymph nodes, and urinary bladder were delineated on the 3D‐apneic examination and the organ outlines were compared to the maximum alteration in organ position in the 4D‐ventilated examination. Displacement was measured in dorsal‐to‐ventral (DV), right‐to‐left (RL), and cranial‐to‐caudal (CC) directions. Respiratory‐induced displacement of canine abdominal organs was not predictable and showed large variability in the three directions evaluated. For most canine abdominal organs, dorsal recumbency provided overall the least amount of displacement among all directions evaluated except for liver and urinary bladder. For liver, a large variability was found for all directions and a statistically significant difference was found only in the RL direction with ventral recumbency exhibiting less displacement (P = 0.0099). For the urinary bladder, ventral recumbency also provided less displacement but this was statistically significant only in the RL direction (P < 0.0001). Findings from this study indicated that dorsal recumbency may be preferred for minimizing respiratory motion artifacts in whole abdomen studies, but ventral recumbency may be preferred for liver and urinary bladder studies when respiration cannot be controlled.     

黄土丘陵区白羊草与达乌里胡枝子混播草地土壤呼吸日变化特征

土壤呼吸是反映土壤质量和肥力性状的重要指标,阐明禾―豆混播草地土壤呼吸作用的变化规律及其影响因素,可以为准确评估混播草地的环境效应及响应提供依据。在2011和2012年6月份,采用动态密闭气室分析法,比较了白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)与达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)不同比例间作混播草地总土壤呼吸速率的日变化特征、混播植物贡献率以及温度敏感性等。结果表明,不同混播比例草地的总土壤呼吸速率日变化为单峰型曲线,峰值出现在12:00~14:00。总土壤呼吸速率日均值高低顺序为单播白羊草白羊草和达乌里胡枝子间作单播达乌里胡枝子。不同间作比例草地的总土壤呼吸速率与白昼气温相关显著(P0.05),而与5、10和15 cm土层白昼土壤温度关系不明显;单播条件下,白羊草草丛的土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性高于达乌里胡枝子;各草地土壤呼吸Q10值的变化范围为1.48~2.61,以单播白羊草最高,单播达乌里胡枝子和两者间作混播草地间无显著差异(P0.05)。     

Comparison of the effects of propofol or alfaxalone for anaesthesia induction and maintenance on respiration in cats

ObjectiveTo compare the effects of propofol and alfaxalone on respiration in cats.Study designRandomized, ‘blinded’, prospective clinical trial.AnimalsTwenty cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.MethodsAfter premedication with medetomidine 0.01 mg kg⁻¹ intramuscularly and meloxicam 0.3 mg kg⁻¹ subcutaneously, the cats were assigned randomly into two groups: group A (n = 10) were administered alfaxalone 5 mg kg⁻¹ minute⁻¹ followed by 10 mg kg⁻¹ hour⁻¹ intravenously (IV) and group P (n = 10) were administered propofol 6 mg kg⁻¹ minute⁻¹ followed by 12 mg kg⁻¹hour⁻¹ IV for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia, respectively. After endotracheal intubation, the tube was connected to a non-rebreathing system delivering 100% oxygen. The anaesthetic maintenance drug rate was adjusted (± 0.5 mg kg⁻¹ hour⁻¹) every 5 minutes according to a scoring sheet based on physiologic variables and clinical signs. If apnoea > 30 seconds, end-tidal carbon dioxide (Pe′CO₂) > 7.3 kPa (55 mmHg) or arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO₂) < 90% occurred, manual ventilation was provided. Methadone was administered postoperatively. Data were analyzed using independent-samples t-tests, Fisher's exact test, linear mixed-effects models and binomial test.ResultsManual ventilation was required in two and eight of the cats in group A and P, respectively (p = 0.02). Two cats in both groups showed apnoea. Pe′CO₂ > 7.3 kPa was recorded in zero versus four and SpO₂ < 90% in zero versus six cats in groups A and P respectively. Induction and maintenance dose rates (mean ± SD) were 11.6 ± 0.3 mg kg⁻¹ and 10.7 ± 0.8 mg kg⁻¹ hour⁻¹ for alfaxalone and 11.7 ± 2.7 mg kg⁻¹ and 12.4 ± 0.5 mg kg⁻¹ hour⁻¹ for propofol.Conclusion and clinical relevanceAlfaxalone had less adverse influence on respiration than propofol in cats premedicated with medetomidine. Alfaxalone might be better than propofol for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia when artificial ventilation cannot be provided.     

基于声学冲激响应的奶山羊呼吸及反刍同步监测方法

呼吸及反刍是奶山羊最基本的生理活动,及时准确地同步获取奶山羊的呼吸及反刍信息可以为评估奶山羊健康状况提供数据支撑。针对现有方法呼吸及反刍同步监测能力的不足,提出了一种基于声学冲激响应的单只静卧奶山羊呼吸及反刍同步监测方法。该方法首先利用声学在室内空间中的多径效应,实现奶山羊呼吸过程中胸脯起伏及反刍过程中嘴部咀嚼动作全向采集;其次计算收发信号的冲激响应,捕捉由呼吸及反刍运动造成多径信号周期性变化的特征;然后利用呼吸及反刍运动频率差实现呼吸和反刍信号的分离;最后经过幅度归一化、相位同步后实现呼吸及反刍波形的可视化。为了验证该方法的有效性,选用了不同朝向的静卧奶山羊进行呼吸及反刍监测试验,并分析了环境噪声对试验的影响,结果表明：对于不同朝向的奶山羊,该方法呼吸平均相对误差为2.60%,反刍平均相对误差为3.51%,平均漏帧率为2.49%,并对环境噪声有较强的抗干扰能力。     

黄土丘陵区柠条人工林土壤呼吸速率对碳输入方式改变的响应

凋落物和植物根系作为土壤碳储量的主要植物性碳源,其质及量的改变可影响土壤碳汇功能。以黄土丘陵区柠条人工林为对象,设置移除凋落物、双倍凋落物、切根、移凋切根和保持原状5种碳输入方式,利用LI-8100土壤碳通量测量仪测定生长季（5-10月）土壤呼吸速率,以期阐明柠条人工林土壤呼吸速率对碳输入方式改变的响应。结果表明:1）各碳输入方式5-10月土壤呼吸速率呈单峰趋势,均在7月最高,10月最低;相比保持原状,双倍凋落物下5-10月累计土壤呼吸速率增加了22.73%,而移凋、切根和移凋切根的5-10月累计土壤呼吸速率分别减少27.57%、40.90%和33.83%;2）根系呼吸、凋落物呼吸和土壤矿质呼吸对土壤呼吸的相对贡献率由大到小分别为土壤矿质呼吸(68.58%)>根系呼吸(38.41%)>凋落物呼吸(24.65%);3）各碳输入方式下土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈显著指数相关,而与土壤湿度的二次关系不显著;土壤温度和湿度的双变量复合模型对土壤呼吸速率月变化解释率53%~93%,高于土壤温度和湿度的单因子模型对土壤呼吸速率月变化解释率53%~74%和0.6%~23.2%;相比保持原状,去凋、双倍凋落物、切根和移凋切根均降低了土壤温度敏感性。研究表明,柠条人工林地表凋落物的积累过多可能减弱土壤碳汇功能。     

不同基肥及追肥配比对凤梨生长、产量和品质的影响

为研究不同基肥及追肥配比对凤梨生长、产量及果实品质的影响,以台农17凤梨为研究对象,分别设基肥试验和追肥试验,明确最佳的凤梨施肥模式。基肥试验设复合肥、“劲久”控释肥、羊粪+复合肥和“沃丰康”生物有机肥+复合肥4种肥料组合,每种组合根据总氮含量设100% N、75% N与50% N三种梯度,其中不添加基肥为CK1,共计13个基肥处理。追肥试验设T1（促花肥+开花肥+结果肥）、T2（开花肥+结果肥）、T3（促花肥+结果肥）,其中不施用追肥为CK2,共4个追肥处理。结果表明,在100% N水平下,以11 250 kg·hm^-2羊粪+1 875 kg·hm^-2复合肥作为基肥,凤梨的生长、产量及果实品质最佳。移栽135 d后,凤梨的叶尖高度增加了28.25%,总叶片数增加59.09%,最大叶长增加16.00%,最大叶宽增加42.55%。凤梨产量达58.62 t·hm^-2,较CK1增加20.22%,平均单果重达（1.86±0.32）kg, 果长、果径与芯径分别达（231.47±44.28）mm、（125.62±33.24）mm和（41.16±4.13）mm。此外凤梨的果实品质也最佳,果肉可溶性固形物达（12.6±0.4）%,可滴定酸达（0.50±0.11）%,维生素C达（29.1±6.7）mg·kg^-1。而在75%N水平或50%N水平下,“沃丰康”生物有机肥+复合肥处理的部分凤梨指标更佳。作为追肥,T1的效果最佳,较于追肥前,追肥后的凤梨叶尖高度、总叶片数、最大叶长叶宽分别增加20.18%、184.87%、21.95%和61.25%,产量较CK2增加6.62%。凤梨单果重（1.62±0.33）kg,果长、果径和芯径分别达（183.52±29.35）mm、（123.58±15.68）mm和（40.58±8.39）mm。凤梨果肉可溶性固形物（13.1±0.9）%,可滴定酸（0.47±0.12）%,维生素C含量（28.9±3.2）mg·kg^-1。本研究表明,适用于宁波本地凤梨的最佳施肥方式为以11 250 kg·hm^-2羊粪+1 875 kg·hm^-2复合肥作为基肥,同时添加少量生物有机肥,并辅以促花肥、开花肥和结果肥追施。     

天山北坡典型草地土壤呼吸特征及其对环境因子的响应

为揭示天山北坡不同类型草地的土壤呼吸规律,采用土壤碳通量测量系统LI-840A对天山北坡荒漠草原和灌丛草甸土壤呼吸（soil respiration,R_s）日变化和季节动态进行监测,并利用多元回归模型分析温度和水分对草地土壤呼吸的协同影响。结果表明,2种草地类型生长季土壤呼吸速率均表现为日间先增高后降低,夜间较平缓的日变化趋势,日最大排放速率出现在12:00—16:00,最小值出现在6:00—7:00左右;灌丛草甸生长季各个月份的土壤呼吸速率均高于荒漠草原。2种草地类型土壤呼吸速率与温度均呈指数相关;土壤含水量与灌丛草甸土壤呼吸速率的相关性高于与荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率的相关性;土壤呼吸速率受5 cm土壤温度（T）和5 cm土壤含水量（W）的影响显著,荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率与二者之间满足最佳拟合模型R_s=130.515e^0.031TW^2.513,灌丛草甸满足最佳拟合模型R_s =-1.290+0.010T+28.007W+1.199TW。研究结果揭示了荒漠草原和灌丛草甸土壤呼吸的变化规律,为天山北坡草地碳循环研究提供基础数据和理论支持。     

不同气调包装对鲜食冬枣保鲜效果的比较

【目的】探究自发气调包装保鲜对鲜食的冬枣(果皮转红面积超过2/3)的保鲜效果。【方法】采用两种类型自发气调包装袋MP20(20 μm)和MP30(30 m)对冬枣进行包装处理,以微孔包装的冬枣作对照,研究在两种贮藏温度下(25 ℃和0 ℃)不同包装条件下冬枣的生理活性及营养成分的变化规律。【结果】冬枣在常温(25 ℃)贮藏15 d,低温(0 ℃)贮藏90 d,与微孔包装相比,两种自发气调包装内的冬枣在室温和低温下均能降低冬枣的腐烂率20%以上,同时能抑制冬枣的呼吸强度,保持果实硬度大于1 000 g/cm~2,降低其营养物质的损耗。【结论】冬枣自发气调包装产品透气率、透视率不宜过高。MP30气调包装袋的透氧率较低,小于6 000 cm~3/m~2·d·atm,在贮藏50 d后,结合冬枣的呼吸作用调节包装内气体,形成的5% O_2浓度、1.0%～2.0% CO~2浓度,能降低冬枣的生理代谢,保鲜期比微孔包装延长30 d以上,具有较好的市场应用前景。     

Heat shock protein 70 expression in different tissues of Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) following heat stress

Members of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) are highly conserved proteins of about 70 kDa and play important roles in protein folding. Levels of these proteins increase when cells are under stress. Environmental temperature influences both the basal and induced levels of HSPs. However, studies on HSPs in fishes from a tropical country such as India are lacking. In the present study, Indian major carp (IMC) Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) acclimatized at 25±2°C had high levels of HSP70, viz., 1.2–1.3 ng μg^?1 total protein in kidney and gill and 4.2–5.3 ng μg^?1 total protein in liver and brain tissues, indicating the presence of biochemically significant levels of stress. However, maintenance of acclimatized fish at 17°C for up to 48 h did not lead to a significant decrease in stress protein levels. A heat shock at 37°C for up to 48 h resulted in only two to threefold increase in HSP70 levels in these organs. Although the increase in HSP70 levels was apparent from the first hour of heat stress in all these tissues, the increase was significant from the second hour in the brain, the sixth hour in liver and kidney and the 20th hour in the gills.