Evaluation of propargyl bromide for control of barnyardgrass and Fusarium oxysporum in three soils

With the scheduled phasing out of methyl bromide, there is an urgent need for alternatives. We evaluated the efficacy of propargyl bromide as a potential replacement for methyl bromide for the control of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and Fusarium oxysporum in an Arlington sandy loam, a Carsitas loamy sand and a Florida muck soil. Soil was mixed with barnyardgrass seeds or F oxysporum colonized on millet seeds, and treated with propargyl bromide at a range of concentrations. The mortality of the fungi and weed seeds was determined after 24 h of exposure at 30 degrees C. The concentrations required to inhibit 50% barnyard seed germination (LC50) were 2.8, 2.4 and 48.5 micrograms g-1 in the sandy loam, loamy sand and muck soil, respectively. In contrast, the LC50 values for F oxysporum were 11.2, 10.8 and 182.1 micrograms g-1 in the sandy loam, loamy sand and muck soil, respectively. The low efficacy of propargyl bromide in the muck soil was a result of the rapid degradation and high adsorption of the compound in the soil. The degradation half-life (t1/2) was only 7 h in the muck soil at an initial concentration of 6.8 micrograms g-1, compared to 60 and 67 h in the sandy loam and loamy sand, respectively. The adsorption coefficients (Kd) were 0.96, 0.87 and 5.6 cm3 g-1 in the sandy loam, loamy sand and muck soil, respectively. These results suggest that registration agencies should consider site-specific properties in recommending application rates for propargyl bromide.     

丁草胺水乳剂的研制及其生物学评价

将自制阴离子表面活性剂AEOSS-7应用到丁草胺水乳剂中制得1＃产品,测试其性能,考察其对稗草的生物活性,并与助剂为罗地亚的2＃产品以及3＃药剂美国孟山都产品进行比较。结果表明,以自制表面活性剂为助剂的1＃丁草胺水乳剂乳液稳定性合格,分散性良好,离心稳定性优。在防除稗草时,该3种药剂随着剂量的增加防除效果都增加,在25 g a．i．/hm2下对稗草地上部分鲜质量的防除效果都能达到60％以上,且3种药剂各浓度鲜质量防效差异不显著。     

化感水稻抑草圈土壤及提取物的化感作用

以化感水稻PI312777和非化感水稻Lemont与稗草在自然条件下土壤共培种植产生的抑草圈现象为研究对象,采用土壤三明治法测定了12 cm有效抑草圈处稗草根际土壤以及经水和70%(体积分数)乙醇提取后的土壤对稗草的抑制作用,以及提取物的生物活性.结果表明:与对照相比,化感水稻PI312777抑制圈土壤显著抑制受体稗草根的生长,而该土壤中水和70%(体积分数)乙醇提取物对莴苣的抑制率分别为42.6%和21.4%.表明水稻有效抑草圈的土壤中含有水溶性和醇溶性化感物质,以水为溶剂提取水稻有效抑草圈土壤物质的效率更高.     

不同抗性稗草对水稻产量及其生理特性的影响

为探讨对除草剂敏感的稗草和产生多抗性的稗草对水稻生长发育的影响,以南粳9108为试验材料,自水稻移栽至成熟分别与对二氯喹啉酸、稻杰和双草醚均敏感的稗草(敏感稗草,T1)和对二氯喹啉酸、稻杰和双草醚均产生抗性的稗草(多抗性稗草,T2)共生,以无稗草水稻处理为对照(CK)。结果表明,与T1相比,T2的分蘖数、干物质积累量和每穗粒数显著降低、生育期缩短,但千粒重显著增加。与稗草共生后,与CK相比,T1和T2的水稻产量分别显著减产32.5%~33.4%和24.8%~26.7%,T2的减产率略低于T1,但二者差异不显著。与CK相比,T1和T2还显著降低了水稻抽穗期水稻叶面积指数、灌浆期叶片光合速率、根系氧化力、根干重、籽粒中玉米素+玉米素核苷、吲哚-3-乙酸含量、蔗糖合成酶和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性和成熟期干物质积累量,T1与T2间差异不显著。水稻叶面积指数、灌浆期叶片光合速率、根系氧化力、根干重、籽粒中玉米素+玉米素核苷、吲哚-3-乙酸含量、蔗糖合成酶和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性和成熟期干物质积累量的显著降低是T1和T2致使水稻产量降低的重要原因。本研究结果为杂草综合治理和水稻高产栽培提供了理论依据。     

不同株型水稻对无芒稗的生态控制研究

以不同株型的水稻品种(组合)为材料研究了混栽其中的无芒稗［Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.var.mitis (Pursh) Peterm.］的生长状况。高秆大冠层株型水稻品种Ⅱ优2070显著降低移栽稻田无芒稗株高、叶面积指数、植株干物质、分蘖数、穗长和穗粒数。水稻对无芒稗的竞争力,以高秆大冠层株型最强,中秆中冠层株型次之,矮秆小冠层株型最弱。在无芒稗50株/m2干扰下,高秆大冠层株型水稻各产量因子下降不明显,而矮秆小冠层株型粳糯稻各产量因子显著下降,平均减产40%。     

Herbicidal activity on acetolactate synthase‐resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli) in Arkansas,USA

The intensive use of the acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicides, imazethapyr, penoxsulam and bispyribac‐sodium, in imidazolinone‐resistant (Clearfield) rice increases the risk of the evolution of ALS‐resistant barnyardgrass. In 2009, imazethapyr failed to control barnyardgrass that was collected from a field in Arkansas, USA, following the failure of the herbicide in 2008. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to confirm and document the level of resistance of the biotype against three ALS‐inhibiting herbicides that currently are labeled in rice. The level of control of the resistant biotype at the labeled rate of bispyribac‐sodium of 35 g ai ha^?1 was 10%, penoxsulam at 22 g ai ha^?1 was 0% and imazethapyr at 70 g ai ha^?1 was 25%. The level of mortality of the susceptible biotype was 100% with all the herbicides at the labeled rate. The dose needed to kill 50% of the resistant plants was 49 g ha^?1 of bispyribac‐sodium, 254 g ha^?1 of penoxsulam and 170 g ha^?1 of imazethapyr. For the susceptible biotype, bispyribac‐sodium at 6 g ha^?1, penoxsulam at 10 g ha^?1 and imazethapyr at 12 g ha^?1 killed 50% of the treated plants. Based on these findings, it was confirmed that a barnyardgrass population has evolved cross‐resistance to three ALS‐inhibiting herbicides in rice culture in Arkansas. Furthermore, an experiment was conducted to determine if the ALS‐resistant biotype could be controlled using other mechanisms of action. The results indicated that propanil, a photosystem II inhibitor, and quinclorac, a synthetic auxin, failed to control the resistant biotype at the labeled rates, whereas all the other evaluated herbicides provided effective control of both biotypes.     

Synthesis and herbicidal activity of new 3-(3-bromothiophen-2-yl)-5-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxymethyl-5-methyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazole as a paddy field herbicide

A new compound 3-(3-bromothiophen-2-yl)-5-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxymethyl-5-methyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazole was synthesized and the herbicidal activity was assessed under glasshouse and flooded paddy field conditions. This compound demonstrated good rice selectivity and potent herbicidal activity against annual weeds at 125 g ai ha⁻¹ under greenhouse conditions. Soil application of this compound showed the complete control of barnyardgrass to the 4th leaf stage at 250 g ai ha⁻¹. Field trials indicated that this compound, combined with pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, controlled annual and perennial weeds rapidly with good tolerance by transplanted rice seedlings from postemergence and soil application. This compound showed a low mammalian and environmental toxicity in various toxicological tests.     

Using panicle dry weight to estimate seed production in Echinochloa crus‐galli

A better understanding of weed seed production is a key element for any long‐term management allowing some weeds to shed seeds. The challenge with measuring seed production in weeds is the large effort required in terms of time and labour. For the weed species Echinochloa crus‐galli, it was tested whether the number of seeds per panicle dry weight or per panicle length can be used to estimate seed production. Experiments were conducted in three maize fields in north‐eastern Germany. The effect of factors that could influence this relationship, such as the time of seedling emergence, the density of E. crus‐galli, the control intensity of other weeds, seed predation and field, was included. A few days before maize harvest, all panicles were removed and weighed, panicle length was measured, and for a subsample of 178 panicles, the number of seeds was counted manually. Panicle dry weight predicted the number of seeds per panicle better (R² = 0.92) than did panicle length (R² = 0.69). The other factors except for ‘field’ and ‘seed predation’ had no effect on these relationships. The relationships between seed number and panicle dry weight found in this study closely resembled those reported in an earlier study. Based on our results, we conclude that both plant traits are appropriate for the estimatation of seed production, depending on required level of precision and availablilty of resources for the evaluation of sustainable weed management strategies.     

禾长蠕孢菌稗草专化型固体发酵产孢培养基及其工艺条件的研究

禾长蠕孢菌稗草专化型（Helminthosporium gramineum Rabenh. f. sp. echinochloae,HGE）是一株稗草生防潜力菌,为了获得该生防菌大量孢子用于田间试验,本文研究了其固体发酵产孢最佳培养基配方及其培养条件。通过试验筛选确定了固体发酵培养基所需碳源及其浓度、氮源及其浓度以及底物基质,适合HGE菌孢子生产的培养基最佳组合为：以珍珠岩为底物基质,在其中添加4%米粉、1%豆粕粉、0.2%Na3PO4.12H2O、0.1%MgSO4.7H2O。同时确定了适合HGE菌孢子生产的培养条件：培养基最适含水量为40%,最佳接菌量为8%菌悬液,25℃静置培养11 d,培养期间用黑光灯12 h循环光照。按优化后培养条件放大培养HGE菌,获得最高产孢量可以达到1.5×107孢子·克-1干物质。温室生测结果显示优化条件生产的HGE菌孢子对稗草防效可达80%以上。     

Allelochemicals of barnyardgrass‐infested soil and their activities on crops and weeds

Barnyardgrass is one of the most noxious paddy weeds in the world and causes great trouble to many crops. In a bioassay, the aqueous extract of paddy soil infested with barnyardgrass showed phytotoxic action against the growth of the tested crops and paddy weeds, of which rice was the most suppressed among the crops. In contrast, barnyardgrass was the least affected paddy weed. By the use of a separation resin, 18 compounds belonging to terpenes, derivatives of cinnamic acid and ferulic acid, long‐chain fatty acids, and steroids that were potentially involved in the phytotoxic activities in barnyardgrass‐infested soil were isolated and identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Of these, the quantities of linalool, 4‐terpinenol, coumaran, methyl phenethyl ketone, and methyl ester cinnamic acid were 1.42, 0.37, 0.02, 3.12, and 4.59 μg g^?1 of the wet soil, respectively. The herbicidal activity was varied among these qualified test compounds, in which methyl phenethyl ketone and methyl ester cinnamic acid were more herbicidal than coumaran, linalool, and 4‐terpinenol. A mixture of these compounds was also the least inhibitive against the growth of barnyardgrass, but exerted strong suppression against that of rice and monochoria. The present study demonstrates that barnyardgrass possesses strong phytotoxic properties and releases plant growth inhibitors into the soil to compete with rice and other paddy weeds in its vicinity by a chemical pathway.