稗草对双季稻生长的影响及其防除经济阈值研究

稗草是中国南方双季稻稻田的恶性杂草,对水稻生产造成严重威胁。为明确稗草对双季稻生长的影响及其经济危害允许水平,采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法研究了不同稗草密度下水稻生长与产量性状的变化规律。结果表明,在稗草的竞争干扰下,双季早、晚稻的株高、分蘖数、有效穗数、每穗实粒数、千粒重及产量均随稗草密度的增加而逐渐降低。指数模型y=be^ax可以较好地拟合稗草对早稻分蘖数、有效穗数和产量的影响,而二次曲线模型y=ax²+bx+c拟合稗草与株高、每穗实粒数、千粒重和产量损失间的关系最佳;二次曲线模型y=ax²+bx+c均可较好地拟合稗草与晚稻株高、分蘖数、有效穗数、每穗实粒数、千粒重、产量和产量损失间的关系。稻田使用化学除草剂(丁草胺、二氯喹啉酸、五氟磺草胺)防除时,双季早、晚稻稻田稗草的经济危害水平分别为1.64%~2.91%和1.28%~2.28%,经济阈值分别为0.63~1.23株/m²和1.30~1.85株/m²。稗草对水稻生长有抑制作用, 并导致水稻产量损失;通过对经济阈值分析,化学除草剂防治稗草具有明显的经济优势。     

Effects of surfactants on primisulfuron activity in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli [L.] Beauv.) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis [L.] Beauv.)

Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to measure the contact angle of primisulfuron droplets with and without surfactants on the leaf surfaces of barnyardgrass and green foxtail, to determine the primisulfuron activity on these weed species, and to examine the spray deposit of primisulfuron with and without surfactants on the leaf surface of green foxtail using scanning electron microscopy. A non-ionic surfactant (NIS) and an organosilicone wetting agent (OWA) were used. The contact angles of 1 μL droplets were measured on the leaf surface using a goniometer. The activity of primisulfuron on barnyardgrass and green foxtail was assessed at 3 weeks after treatment based on visual injury and the fresh weight. The contact angles of the droplets of primisulfuron on the adaxial surface of the barnyardgrass and green foxtail leaves were 152° and 127°, respectively, when applied without surfactant. The addition of either surfactant markedly reduced the contact angle for both weed species, which was lowest when the OWA was added to primisulfuron. The percentage injury of barnyardgrass was very low, even at the higher rate of primisulfuron, regardless of the surfactant. Primisulfuron at 40 g ha⁻¹ controlled 43% of green foxtail without surfactant, which increased to 65% with the NIS and 83% with the OWA. Primisulfuron with a surfactant markedly reduced the fresh weight of green foxtail compared with primisulfuron applied alone, regardless of the primisulfuron rate and surfactant type. The scanning electron micrographs showed a uniform deposit of spray droplets, with close contact of the droplets to the leaf epicuticular surface in green foxtail in the presence of a surfactant compared with no surfactant. The enhanced primisulfuron activity on green foxtail with surfactants was related to the reduced contact angle and uniform deposition of the primisulfuron spray droplets on the leaf surface.     

Identification and expression pattern of a glutathione S‐transferase in Echinochloa crus‐galli

Plant glutathione S‐transferase (GST) forms a major part of the herbicide detoxification enzyme network in plants. A GST cDNA was isolated from Echinochloa crus‐galli and characterised. The gene, designated EcGST1 (E. crus‐galli GeneBank no: JX518596 ), has a 684 bp open reading frame predicted to encode a 25 kD protein. Sequence alignment showed that EcGST1 is a GST homologue. Its expression in response to quinclorac treatment was monitored in seedlings (leaves and roots) and adult plants (leaves, roots, stems and seeds) of quinclorac‐resistant (R) and susceptible (S) biotypes of E. crus‐galli. EcGST1 expression was 1.5–3 times greater in the R plants than in the S plants. However, after exposure to quinclorac, the difference in the expression levels of EcGST1 in R plants, compared with S plants, increased to a ratio of 6–10. Enhanced EcGST1 levels should enable greater quinclorac detoxification following quinclorac stimulation in R plants. GST‐based metabolism may be partially responsible for resistance to quinclorac in E. crus‐galli. The results suggest a new resistance mechanism for this R biotype in Chinese rice fields.     

稗草浸提液诱导水稻化感抑草作用研究

为了探究稗草中是否存在能诱导水稻化感抑草作用的物质,采用稗草种子浸提液、稗草组织浸提液和稗草种植液3种溶液为诱导物,添加到化感水稻PI312777和非化感水稻Lemont的培养液中种植,然后对诱导后的水稻叶片水浸提液进行生物测试。结果表明:3种溶液中,以稗草种植液对水稻的抑草作用诱导效果最好,化感水稻PI31277、叶片水浸提液对稗草生长有抑制作用。与未诱导处理相比,稗草根长、株高和干物质重分别减少0.85cm、0.56cm和0.0060g,非化感水稻lemont分别减少0.69cm、0.68cm和0.0079g。研究结果还表明添加稗草诱导液后,对2种水稻的根长和株高都有所促进。由此得出采用外源诱导方式提高水稻抑草作用是稻田除草可行的新思路。     

水稻品种"Lemont"响应低氮培养及共培稗草的上调表达基因分析

营养匮乏和伴生杂草是水稻种植过程中的常见影响因素。本研究应用抑制消减杂交(SSH)技术,分别研究低氮、稗草条件下,非化感水稻品种"Lemont"的上调表达基因。结果显示,低氮条件下,"Lemont"水稻中参与生长调控的生长素响应蛋白,参与抗逆防御的类NBS-LRR蛋白、过氧化氢酶、金属硫因蛋白,以及参与蛋白质代谢相关蛋白的编码基因上调表达。稗草共培下,编码NADH脱氢酶、细胞色素氧化酶、ATP依赖性RNA解旋酶等与植物生长相关的基因,与抗逆防御相关的几丁质酶和糖基水解酶基因,以及与信号转导相关的锌指蛋白及组氨酸激酶基因增强表达。研究结果表明,非化感水稻"Lemont"能够通过调节抗逆以及生长调节相关基因的表达,从而响应不同的胁迫。     

克草胺防治稻田稗草试验研究

2002年～2003年进行了克草胺防治稻田稗草的效果及对水稻安全性田间小区试验,结果表明,47%克草胺EC可有效地防除移栽稻田稗草,对水稻较为安全。适宜的施药剂量为75～100m l/667m 2。施药适期为水稻移栽后5～7d稗草1.5叶期。如需防除阔叶杂草,克草胺可与农得时等阔叶除草剂混用。     

几种除草剂对马唐和稗草的灭效

为筛选出安全有效的除草剂 ,分播后萌前和成坪时期 ,在室内和田间试验条件下研究了几种除草剂对马唐和稗草的防效 .结果表明 ,播后萌前施药 ,果尔 0 .75kg/hm2 、恶草灵 3 .0 0kg/hm2 和丁草胺在 1.0 0kg/hm2 用量下可以抑制马唐和稗草的萌发或杀死其幼苗 .在已成坪的草坪上 ,恶唑禾草灵的用量为 0 .0 7,0 .15 ,0 .3 0kg/hm2 ,拿扑净 0 .3 0kg/hm2 ,敌稗 1.5 0kg/hm2 ,可以有效防除苗期的马唐、稗草 .     

代谢酶抑制剂PX对除草剂防除稗草的增效作用

为解决除草剂防除困难的问题,采用室内盆栽试验测定了PX、PM和Mn²⁺三种代谢酶抑制剂对精喹禾灵、莠去津、烟嘧磺隆、硝磺草酮和烯禾啶防除稗草Echinochloa crus-galli的增效作用,测定不同用量代谢酶抑制剂PX对这5种除草剂的增效作用及其与莠去津混用后稗草体内谷胱甘肽转移酶（glutathione S-transferase,GST）和细胞色素 P450（cytochrome P450,CYP450）活性的变化。结果显示,在3种代谢酶抑制剂中,代谢酶抑制剂PX对精喹禾灵、莠去津、烟嘧磺隆、硝磺草酮和烯禾啶5种除草剂的增效作用最显著。不同用量代谢酶抑制剂PX对不同除草剂的增效作用不同,其中75 g (a.i.)/hm²代谢酶抑制剂PX对莠去津的增效最佳,株防除效果和鲜重防除效果分别增加了35.33个百分点和37.33个百分点。莠去津与代谢酶抑制剂PX混用后,稗草体内GST和CYP450活性均较对照显著降低。表明除草剂与代谢酶抑制剂PX混用能增加除草剂对稗草的防除效果,可以达到减施除草剂的目的。     

Physiological basis of differential phytotoxic activity between fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and cyhalofop-butyl-treated barnyardgrass

This study investigated the physiological causes of differences in phytotoxic symptoms shown in barnyardgrass from foliar applications of the herbicides fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and cyhalofop-butyl. When these were applied to the third leaves of the whole plant, the chlorosis and desiccation in the third leaf was greater in fenoxaprop-P-ethyl than cyhalofop-butyl. However, initial growth inhibition of the fourth leaf was greater when using cyhalofop-butyl than when using fenoxaprop-P-ethyl. In the shoot regrowth test, regrowth at five days after treatment (DAT) was smaller in cyhalofop-butyl than in fenoxaprop-P-ethyl; the regrowth at 10 DAT exhibited the reverse trend. The chlorosis (decrease of chlorophylls: carotenoids ratio) in barnyardgrass leaf segments that were floated on herbicide solution was greater in the fenoxaprop-P-ethyl treatment. These results indicate that different herbicidal responses induced by the two herbicides are likely to be related to differential translocation and metabolism. The relatively light chlorosis and desiccation in treated leaves, severe cessation of initial growth (but a lower final herbicidal efficacy in the cyhalofop-butyl treatment) are probably related to its rapid translocation to the meristem region from the treated leaf, followed by faster metabolism. In contrast, the relatively greater chlorosis and desiccation compared to inhibition of initial growth in the fenoxaprop-P-ethyl treatment is likely to be related to its relatively slower translocation and metabolism in the treated leaf.