环境因子对步甲昆虫的影响研究进展

步甲是鞘翅目昆虫的重要类群之一,是农林业生产中的重要害虫天敌。步甲与环境关系密切,环境因子(如湿度、温度、海拔、土壤性质、植被、食物条件)及环境因子的综合作用(如演替阶段、干扰等)都对步甲的生命活动及群落分布产生重要影响。对近年来国内外关于环境因子对步甲的影响相关研究进行综述,并在此基础上提出进一步研究环境因子对步甲生命活动及群落分布的影响是十分重要的。     

湖南省茶园捕食性瓢虫种类调查

报道湖南茶园捕食性瓢虫27种,分属6亚科。其中梵文菌瓢虫Halyzia sanscrita Mulsant,十二斑瓢虫OenoPia bissexnotata(Mulsant),链纹裸瓢虫Calvia sicardi (Mader),台毛艳瓢虫Pharoscymnus taoi Sasaji,隐唇瓢虫Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant。黑方突毛瓢虫Pseudoseymnus kurohime(Miyatake),臀斑隐势瓢虫,Cryptogonus postmedlali s Kapur,台湾隐势瓢虫Cryptogonus horishanus (Ohta)等8种是初次在茶园中采得。文中描述了这8种瓢虫的形态特征。简单的习性和地理分布,并列出了它们的照片。     

落叶松八齿小蠹的系统防治

根据落叶松八齿小蠹(Ips subelongtus Motsch)的生物学特性、发生规律进行系统防治。包括以下内容:1)在发生基地内伐除危害超过防治指标的林木;2)火烧已伐除林木的发生基地及扩散到四周20m宽的林地;3)伐除已扩散、危害的林木、建立缓冲带;4)用化学药剂处理缓冲带内的伐根和其周围20m宽的健康林木。通过绥阳林业局会川经营所7.4 ha 20a生被害林的防治结果表明,使林分被害率在原来的基础上下降了98.49％,而防治总成本仅为8.10元/ha。     

构树次生韧皮部细胞组成与形态的季节性变化

采用光学显微切片技术和组织解离的方法,得出构树次生韧皮部解剖构造特征,确定主要细胞尺寸并总结其季节变化规律。结果表明,构树的次生韧皮部由纤维细胞、薄壁细胞、筛管、乳汁管和韧皮射线等细胞类型组成。在一个生长界限内韧皮部细胞排列不规整,顺序为:乳汁管-韧皮薄壁细胞-筛管-韧皮纤维-筛管-韧皮薄壁细胞-乳汁管。整个韧皮部中,具输导功能的区域比例较小,具有明显的季节规律。筛管长度平均值为245.3~281.6μm,随生长季先减小后增大;筛管直径平均值42.8~67.2μm,生长季内呈先减小后增大的规律,3-9月直径逐渐增加至最大,11月略有降低。韧皮纤维量大,细胞壁厚,形似木质部胶质木纤维。纤维长度平均值6377.9~7889.3μm,3-11月中,呈先减小再增大后减小的模式,3月和7月达到最大值,5月最小;纤维宽度平均值13.91~19.54μm,在整个生长季中,呈先增大后减小的趋势,9月直径最大,3月最小。韧皮部包括大量晶体,多存在于薄壁细胞中,并且具有季节规律。乳汁管平均数量14~28个,呈现季节差异,为揭示构树皮发育及其高效利用提供理论依据。     

苎麻茎皮cDNA文库的构建

以生长中期的苎麻茎皮为材料，提取总RNA，经纯化mRNA后，合成双链cDNA。双链cDNA加上EcoRI—SmaI接头后，用限制酶NotI酶切并除去小于400bp的短链cDNA，长的cDNA片段连接到EcoRI—NotI酶切载体pAP3neo上，获得滴度为2．6×10^4的苎麻cDNA文库，插入片段大部分分布在500bp-1500bp之间。该文库的建立为苎麻表皮功能性新基因的发现奠定了基础。     

不同变异类型杜仲皮含胶性状的变异规律

为了弄清不同变异类型杜仲皮的生长发育特点及其含胶性状的变异规律,为杜仲胶优良资源的选择和有效利用提供理论依据,进行了本试验研究.试验采用选择典型样株和随机取样的方法;含胶率的测定采用杜仲胶综合提取法.研究结果表明,不同变异类型树皮特征及含胶性状表现出不同的特点.深纵裂型的胸径生长量、树皮厚度和木栓层厚均最大,而光皮型的胸径生长量最小、树皮厚度和木栓层厚最薄;树皮含胶率以浅纵裂型最高,深纵裂型的树皮含胶率最低;树皮内杜仲胶体积质量也以深纵裂型的最高,深纵裂型杜仲胶体积质量最低.     

The development and survival of three species of coprophagous insect after feeding on the faeces of sheep treated with controlled-release formulations of ivermectin or albendazole

OBJECTIVE: To assess the toxicity from residues of controlled-release formulations of ivermectin and albendazole to insects that feed on sheep faeces. ANIMALS: In two consecutive years, groups of sheep were treated with controlled-release capsules of ivermectin or albendazole. Untreated sheep were used as controls. PROCEDURES: Larvae of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima, and adults and larvae of the dung beetles, Onthophagus taurus and Euoniticellus fulvus were fed on faeces collected at intervals after drug treatment. In assays using beetles, treatment effects were assessed by comparing numbers of eggs laid, survival of juveniles and survival of mature and immature adults. Survival at time of pupariation was used in assays on flies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Faeces from sheep treated with albendazole had no detectable effects on breeding by either flies or beetles. In contrast, faeces voided by sheep treated with controlled-release capsules of ivermectin (CRI) precluded successful breeding by each of the species tested. No fly larvae and almost no beetle larvae survived in faeces collected up to 39 days after capsule administration. Newly-emerged O taurus also suffered significant mortality whereas those that survived underwent delayed sexual maturation. Ivermectin residues had no effect on the survival of sexually mature beetles, but reduced the fecundity of O taurus. A model simulating the effects of drug residues on dung beetle populations indicates that CRIs have the potential to cause substantial declines in beetle numbers, particularly if treatment coincides with spring emergence.     

Respective roles of recent hedges and forest patch remnants in the maintenance of ground-beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) diversity in an agricultural landscape

We compared three kinds of habitats: small remnants of native forests, recent hedges and barley crops, in order to investigate their respective roles in the maintenance of carabid-beetle diversity in a 950-ha area of an intensive agricultural landscape. Carabid faunas in remnants differed weakly from these found in hedges and crops. In particular, small remnants had few typical forest carabid species and a large number of open-area or ubiquitous species. Different approaches in the measurement of and -diversity (classical indices, and additive partitioning of Simpson's index) showed similar results: hedges supported a high -diversity but habitat types were quite similar overall, with weak differences between open and closed or disturbed and undisturbed habitats.A comparison of species dispersal powers in the various habitat types showed that species with a low dispersal power were rare in all habitats. However, wing development measured on two dimorphic species revealed, surprisingly, that brachypterous individuals were mainly present in hedges, which were expected a priori to be more disturbed, than remnants hence less suitable for the establishment of populations with a low dispersal power.These results suggest that small remnants do not behave as 'climax' habitats in this intensive agricultural landscape, probably because of their small size and strong isolation. We discuss the interest of new undisturbed habitats, such as recent hedges, for the maintenance of carabid diversity at both the local and landscape scale.     

关于小蠹虫的防治策略及研究发展方向

小蠹虫是世界性大害虫 ,特别是对松树危害极大 ,猖獗时常可造成林木成片枯死。其生活隐蔽 ,繁殖迅速 ,在造成林木枯萎前不易被人们发现。但衰弱木及某些种类的性外激素对其有很强的吸引力 ,诱集效果显著 ,可作为重要的监测手段。该虫主要发生在立地条件差、林地卫生条件不好或由其它各种原因导致树木生长衰弱的林分。因此 ,其预防措施主要是选用良种壮苗 ,进行适地适树营造混交林 ;加强监测 ,及时消灭虫源基地。其防治策略及研究发展方向应向以生态管理为基础 ,以生物防治为主导的综合治理方向发展 ,方能达到可持续控制小蠹虫对林木的危害     

我国化学防治甘蔗金龟子研究进展

综述了我国化学防治甘蔗金龟子的发展历程、化学防治甘蔗金龟子的技术和调查方法以及化学防治对甘蔗金龟子的负面影响。提出规范农药市场管理,严厉禁止禁用农药的生产和流通;合理使用化学农药,避免金龟子抗药性继续增强;加强对新型高效、低毒、低残留化学农药的研究和开发;加强生物防治研究和推广力度,使甘蔗金龟子防治向生态治理方向发展等建议。