Host selection behavior and incidence of the bark beetle Scolytus kashmirensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) attacking elm (Ulmus spp.) trees in Kashmir

The status of the incidence of the bark beetle Scolytus kashmirensis Schedl on elm (Ulmus spp.) trees was determined in four districts of the Kashmir Valley in 2009.The incidence of the borer was higher in the Anantnag (25.93%) and Shopian (22.35%) districts of the Kashmir Valley,followed by the Ganderbal (17.14%) and Baramulla (16.67%) districts.The overall infestation recorded in these districts was 20.52%.The beetle under study chewed the scars on twigs of both the host and tentative non-host plants supplied to them in cages but bored and laid eggs in only one of them (the host plant).Both species of elm,Ulmus wallichiana and U.villosa,were susceptible to borer attacks;however,U.villosa showed low susceptibility and high resistance compared to U.wallichiana.Older,taller elms were preferred for feeding by bark beetles and are therefore much more susceptible to its infestation compared to younger elms.This bark beetle species also preferred to oviposit in branches of the host plants with diameters of 9-12 mm.     

Pruning enhances the susceptibility of Picea abies to infection by the bark beetle‐transmitted blue‐stain fungus,Ophiostoma polonicum

Defoliation of conifers occasionally precedes bark beetle attacks, suggesting that a severe loss of foliage and ensuing reductions in carbohydrate availability may enhance host tree susceptibility. To shed light on this question, different degrees of defoliation on young Picea abies were simulated by removing whole whorls of branches from below, the trees retaining 100, 50, or 25% of their original crown biomass. After one week or one year, the trees were inoculated with Ophiostoma polonkum, a tree‐killing fungus transmitted by Ips typographus.

Fungal proliferation and tree mortality increased with increasing levels of pruning. Pruning reduced stem diameter growth, but not carbohydrate reserves in foliage and bark. Foliar N, P, and Ca increased with increasing pruning. The results lend support to the hypothesis that a reduction in the photosynthesis capacity increases host tree susceptibility to a beetle‐fungus attack, and that induced defence against infection depends on efficient translocation of assimilates to the sites of infection.     

Estimating bark volumes for 16 native tree species on the Sierra Madre Occidental,Mexico

Abstract

The Sierra Madre Occidental ecoregion accommodates some of the richest biodiversity anywhere in North America and contains about two-thirds of the standing timber biomass in Mexico. Worldwide forest trees provide an industrial output of about 363 million cubic meters, with the volume of bark accounting for an estimated 10% of total tree volume, so that bark is a very important nonwoody product. In this study, the proportion of bark volume (PBV) and its correlation with selected tree characteristics as well as the relationship between total tree volume and wood volume (WV) and total volume and bark volume (BV) were calculated for the first time for the 16 common and commercially most important tree species in the temperate pine-oak forest region of El Salto (Durango) on the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. Measurements were made on 2,027 felled trees. The PBV in the species investigated ranges from 0.129 to 0.260 depending on the species and genus, with a mean value of 0.175. BV and WV can be accurately estimated. The approach used in this study is simple and effective, and very user-friendly. The method is recommended for researchers wishing to develop bark models for other tree species.     

白僵菌防治甘蔗金龟子试验

试验结果表明,白僵菌与3.6%广谱型杀虫双颗粒剂混合施用,能有效控制金龟子幼虫对蔗根的危害,相对防效达75%～85%,显著或极显著优于单独使用白僵菌或农药处理。     

瓦克青霉F10-2对川楝树皮残渣纤维素酶解研究

以川楝树皮残渣为原料进行纤维素酶解研究,测定了不同培养时间培养基质中主要胞外酶活性的变化,并对发酵前后残渣结构进行扫描电镜观察和红外光谱分析。结果表明:瓦克青霉F10-2具有木质纤维素降解能力,酶解液中纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶活性在发酵的8～16d内分别达到最大值6.42U·g-1、7.62U·g-1、6.55U·g-1和3.33U·g-1。利用扫描电镜对降解后底物表面结构进行观察,可看到残渣表面变得疏松、柔软,且具有部分微孔。底物残渣傅立叶红外光谱分析表明,该菌株对残渣中各组分均有一定降解。固态发酵培养试验表明,培养24d后残渣中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的降解率分别达到42.70%、33.96%和24.62%。     

苹果树皮内生真菌的分离及其对腐烂病的生物防治潜力

为了明确苹果树皮中内生真菌的种类及其对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制作用,对25年生富士苹果健康树皮中的内生真菌进行了分离和初步鉴定,并通过室内抑菌试验和田间保护作用试验测定其内生真菌对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制作用。分离到的126株内生真菌分属于13个属,主枝中分离到的内生真菌的种类和数量较多;对峙试验中对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑菌率在40%以上的有24株,其中87.5%的菌株为链格孢属真菌。Al 6的培养滤液对腐烂病菌菌丝生长抑制作用较强,抑制率为83.76%;Al 58对其孢子萌发抑制作用较大,抑制率为82.42%;Al 67产生的挥发物质对腐烂病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用较大,为24.41%。田间试验结果显示,用拮抗性内生真菌预先占位接种苹果树枝干,能有效抑制腐烂病菌的侵入和病斑的扩展,Al 107的抑制作用最强。     

红托竹荪不同温湿度涂抹烂皮病菌感染分析

为探明红托竹荪菌蛋烂皮病菌侵染性、传播性及产生条件,从病害棚采集烂皮菌蛋为材料,以烂皮菌蛋部位为感染病菌,用于对正常红托竹荪菌蛋进行伤和无伤涂抹病菌感染试验,以不涂抹病菌为对照,在不同温度湿度梯度下试验观察。结果表明:在温度25℃相对湿度85%条件下,病菌对正常红托竹荪菌蛋伤和无伤都不发生感染,在温度35℃相对湿度75%条件下进行48h的培养,红托竹荪菌蛋伤或无伤、涂抹和不涂抹病菌都发生菌蛋烂皮现象。说明高温高湿是诱发红托竹荪菌蛋发病的关键,病菌是因菌蛋受高温损伤,导致菌蛋免疫功能低下,病菌侵染。     

苹果粗皮病的发病原因及症状观察

试验表明,在盆栽条件下,施锰300mg/kg以下,树体生长发育正常,施锰400mg/kg以上发生生理性粗皮病,生物产量比对照低29%(达极显著水平),施锰600mg/kg的后期个别树死亡,施锰800mg/kg的后期大部分树死亡。生理粗皮病(internalbarknecrosis)是韧皮部中部分木质化组织在内部发生增生坏死而使得外表隆起,病瘤的发生部位不定。轮纹病的病瘤是病菌侵染后在皮下繁殖、扩展,形成了索状菌丝体结构,多数在皮孔部位发生。病枝离体后,生理粗皮病的病瘤不扩展,而轮纹病的病瘤很快扩展为褐斑瘤。生理粗皮病树的新梢叶片出现缺铁症状,轮纹病的不出现。     

树皮结构与山核桃溃疡病抗性关系的研究

对树皮结构与山核桃溃疡病之间关系的研究表明,随着树龄的增大,周皮呈现出较厚的胞壁特征,病害较轻或不发病,感病指数与周皮厚度存在一定的负相关,其中,木栓层的厚度对植株抗病性的影响最大,木栓形成层区的宽度与感病指数之间呈一定的正相关,栓内层与之呈微弱的负相关。皮层的机械性能在一定程度上影响着树皮对溃疡病抗性。韧皮纤维比量在30％～50％之间,与感病指数则呈较强的负相关。次生韧皮部里的含晶纤维束占韧皮纤维总量的50％～55％,不同龄级之间差异不明显,与抗病性的相关性不明显。筛管活动能力与病害程度之间有着较强的负相关性,随着病害程度的加重,直径逐渐减小。韧皮射线组织比量与感病指数之间也呈负相关。